captioning funded by cbs and ford-- built for the road ahead. >> this company has blood on its hands. >> kroft: he's talking about chiquita, the banana company which paid nearly $2 million in protection money to a murderous paramilitary group that killed or massacred thousands of people in colombia. >> these were extortion payments. these were payments that had to be made to protect the lives of our employees. and so it is one of those situations where you just simply have no other choice-- either

you pay or your people get killed. >> kroft: and you decided to pay. >> and the company decided to pay, absolutely. >> pelley: quietly, in a number of laboratories, an astounding technology is developing that directly connects the human brain to a computer. we're seeing cathy moving this cursor with nothing but her mind. >> that's right. >> pelley: you're merging man and machine. >> in that sense, yes. >> pelley: you've done it? >> yes. >> simon: there may be no single fear as intense and widespread as the fear of meeting up with a shark. what a surprise, then, to learn that more and more people are seeking them out, getting in the water with them to have a closer look. but here's the rub-- right where sharks are most visible, they're becoming more dangerous. shark attacks are on the rise. craig bovim was attacked by a great white. >> i was stuck, and i was... and i knew i was going to die, and i basically gave up.

i just lay there and he started swimming slowly with me in his mouth, presumably out to sea. >> i'm steve kroft. >> i'm lesley stahl. >> i'm bob simon. >> i'm morley safer. >> i'm lara logan. >> i'm scott pelley. those stories and andy rooney tonight on "60 minutes". announcer: what if we could use the sun... - ( ac blowing ) - ...to help keep us cool? ( women vocalizing ) solar-powered ventilation... to help cool you, available on the third-generation prius. it's harmony between man, nature and machine.

everyone's nervous going back to school. ♪ a hallmark card. it's the biggest little thing you can do. >> kroft: for american corporations the rewards of doing business abroad are enormous, but so are the risks. and over the past 25 years, no

place has been more perilous than colombia, a country that is just beginning to emerge from the throes of civil war and narco-terrorism. chiquita brands international, of cincinnati, ohio, found out the hard way. it made millions growing bananas there, only to emerge with its reputation splattered in blood, after acknowledging that it had paid nearly $2 million in protection money to a murderous paramilitary group that's killed or massacred thousands of people. as we reported last year, the victim's families are now suing chiquita in an american court, and investigators in bogota and on capitol hill are looking at other u.s. companies that may have done the same thing. from the air, the plains of the uraba region are carpeted with a lush foliage of banana plantations, which have long provided a livelihood for the people of northern colombia. and for the better part of a century, its best-known product has been the chiquita banana.

>> ♪ i'm chiquita banana won't you come with me ♪ to the bank of banana's nature's treasury... >> kroft: but since the 1980s, the business of bananas has been much less festive, and punctuated with gunfire. first, the area was taken over by marxist guerillas called the farc, whose ruthlessness at killing and kidnapping was exceeded only by the private paramilitary army that rose up to fight them. chiquita found itself trying to grow bananas in the middle of a war in which the colombian government and its army was of no help. >> fernando aguirre: these lands were lands where there was no law. it was impossible for the government to protect employees. >> kroft: fernando aguirre, who became chiquita's c.e.o. long after all this happened, says the company was forced to pay taxes to the guerillas when they controlled the territory in the late '80and early '90s. and when the paramilitaries, known as the a.u.c., moved in, in 1997, they demanded the same& thing.

>> it was a dilemma about having literally going point... gun pointed to your head, where you have someone who says, "either you pay me or i'm going to kill you, or i'm going to kill your employees." >> kroft: did the paramilitaries state, specifically to you, that if you didn't make the payments your people would be killed? >> aguirre: there was a very, very strong signal that if the company would not make payments, that things would happen. and since they had already killed at least 50 people-- the employees of the company-- it was clear to everyone there that these guys meant business. >> kroft: chiquita only had a couple of options, and none of them were particularly good: it could refuse to pay the paramilitaries and run the risk that its employees could be killed or kidnapped; it could pack up and leave the country altogether and abandon its most profitable enterprise; or it could stay and pay protection and, in the process, help finance the atrocities that were being committed all across the countryside. >> aguirre: these were extortion payments-- either you pay or

your people get killed. >> kroft: and you decided to pay. >> aguirre: and the company decided to pay, absolutely. >> kroft: so you... there was no doubt in your mind that these were very bad people. >> aguirre: absolutely, absolutely. no doubt. >> kroft: just how bad was already becoming evident. the paramilitaries, who were funded initially by large landowners, and later by the cocaine trade, not only drove the marxist guerillas from the area, they tried to eliminate anyone who might have leftist sympathies, from labor leaders to schoolteachers. sometimes, entire villages were wiped out in the most grisly fashion. gloria cuartes was the mayor of apartado and witnessed much of it with her own eyes. >> gloria cuartes( translated ): i was a mayor whose job was just to gather the dead. >> kroft: in 1996, she went to this school to talk to the children about the violence that surrounded them. and while she was there, the paramilitaries arrived and murdered a 12-year-old boy whose only crime had been to announce their presence.

>> cuartes( translated ): they cut off his head and threw the head at us. i went into a state of panic. they were there for four hours with their weapons, firing shots toward the ceiling. 100 girls and boys were with me. the children did not scream; they were in shock. >> kroft: did they say anything to you? >> cuartes ( translated ): no. their language was death. their message was that if they could do this to children, they could do it to me. >> kroft: as the atrocities piled up all across the country, chiquita continued to make the payments to the paramilitaries, viewing itself as a victim of the violence, not a facilitator. but all of that changed in 2001, when the u.s. government designated the paramilitaries a terrorist organization, making any kind of financial assistance to the group, coerced or otherwise, a felony. yet chiquita continued to make

the payments for another two years, claiming it missed the government's announcement. it was in the newspapers. it was in the "cincinnati inquirer," which is where your company headquarters is. it was in "the new york times." i mean, this is a big part of your business, doing business in colombia. how did you miss it? >> aguirre: well, again, i can't... i don't know what i... what happened during that timeframe, frankly. i... what i know is all the data shows that the company, the moment it learned that these payments were illegal in the united states, that's when they decided to self-disclose to the department of justice. >> kroft: by "self-disclose," he means chiquita, on the advice of its attorneys, turned itself in to the justice department. and one of the first things aguirre did when he became c.e.o. was to stop the payments and sell the company's colombian subsidiary. the company pled guilty to a felony, and agreed to pay a $25 million fine. but that wasn't the end of its legal problems. >> terry collingsworth: this& company has blood on its hands. >> kroft: attorney terry

collingsworth has filed one of five lawsuits that have been brought against chiquita, seeking money for the families of colombians killed by the paramilitaries. he says the money chiquita paid for seven years may have kept its employees safe, but it also helped buy weapons and ammunition that were killing other people. are you saying that chiquita was complicit in these massacres that took place down there? >> collingsworth: absolutely. if you provide knowing substantial assistance to someone who then goes out and kills someone, or terrorizes or tortures someone, you're also guilty. >> kroft: and you believe that chiquita knew that this money that they were paying was being used to go into the villages and massacre people? >> collingsworth: if they didn't, they would be the only ones in the whole country of colombia who didn't think that. >> kroft: you're not saying that chiquita wanted these people to be killed. >> collingsworth: no, they were indifferent to it. instead of wanting those people dead, they were willing to accept that those people would be dead in order to keep their banana operation running

profitably and making all the... all the money that they did in colombia. >> kroft: you think they should have just picked up and left. >> collingsworth: yes. >> aguirre: it's easy for a lawyer to give that type of advice after the fact. when you have more than 3,500 workers, their lives depend on you. when you've been making payments to save their lives, you just can't pick up and go. >> kroft: what did the company think this money was going to be used for? >> aguirre: well, clearly, to save lives. >> kroft: the lives of your employees. >> aguirre: absolutely. >> kroft: it was also being used to kill other people. >> aguirre: these groups were funded with hundreds of millions of dollars. they had the guns, they had the bullets. so i don't know who in their right mind would say, "well, if chiquita would have stopped, these killers would have stopped." i just don't see that happening. >> kroft: do you feel that the company has any responsibility to compensate the victims of the paramilitaries in colombia? >> aguirre: the responsibility of any murders are the responsibility of the people

that made the killings, of the people who pulled the trigger. >> kroft: the justice department decided not to prosecute any corporate officers at chiquita, which included prominent businessmen like former c.e.o. cyrus freidheim, jr., who later led the sun-times media group, and board member roderick hills, a former chairman of the securities and exchange commission. the decision created a furor in colombia. the country's prosecutor general said he would begin his own investigation and has threatened to extradite some of chiquita's executives to stand trial in colombia. >> william delahunt: this hearing will come to order. >> kroft: there is also a congressional investigation, led by representative william delahunt of massachusetts, who chairs a house foreign affairs subcommittee. you've been quoted as saying that chiquita is the tip of the iceberg. >> delahunt: right. >> kroft: what do you mean by that? >> delahunt: well, i think that there are other american companies that are... have

conducted themselves the same way that chiquita has, except they haven't been caught. >> kroft: how many companies? >> delahunt: well, there are several. >> kroft: you want to share that with us? >> delahunt: no. >> kroft: because? >> delahunt: because i want to give those companies an opportunity to come before the committee. >> kroft: we did find one person who was willing to name names, inside this maximum security prison outside medellin. salvatore mancuso was once the leader of the paramilitaries. chiquita says the reason they paid the money was because your people would kill them if they didn't. is that true? >> salvatore mancuso ( translated ): no, it is not true. they paid taxes because we were like a state in the area, and because we were providing them with protection which enabled them to continue making investments and a financial profit. >> kroft: what would have happened if the companies had not paid? >> mancuso( translated ): the truth is we never thought about

what would happen because they did so willingly. >> kroft: did they have a choice? >> mancuso( translated ): yes, they had a choice. they could go to the local police or army for protection from the guerillas. but the army and police at that time were barely able to protect themselves. >> kroft: mancuso helped negotiate a deal with the colombian government that allowed more than 30,000 paramilitaries to give up their arms and demobilize in return for reduced prison sentences. as part of the deal, the paramilitaries must truthfully confess to all crimes, or face much harsher penalties. was chiquita the only american company that paid you? >> mancuso( translated ): all companies in the banana region paid. for instance, there was dole and delmonte, which i believe are u.s. companies. >> kroft: both the dole food company and fresh delmonte produce, which is not affiliated with del monte foods, have issued statements strongly denying that they made payments to the paramilitaries. fresh delmonte produce said its

colombian operation is "limited to a sales office which purchases bananas from independent growers." dole and delmonte say they never paid you any money. >> mancuso( translated ): chiquita has been honest by acknowledging the reality of the conflict and the payments that it made. the others also made payments, not only international companies, but also the national companies in the region. >> kroft: so you're saying dole and delmonte are lying? >> mancuso( translated ): i'm saying they all paid. >> kroft: mancuso has been indicted in the u.s. for smuggling 17 tons of cocaine into the country. he said he's more than willing to tell u.s prosecutors anything they wanted to know. has anyone come down here from the united states, from the u.s. justice department, to talk to you about dole, or to talk to you about delmonte or any other companies? >> mancuso( translated ): no one has come from the department of justice of the united states to talk to us. i am taking the opportunity to invite the department of state and the department of justice so that they can come and so i can

tell them all that they want to know. >> kroft: and you would name names? >> mancuso( translated ): certainly, i would do so. >> kroft: so far, the only company that's been charged with paying money to terrorists in colombia is the one that turned itself in. do you think, if you hadn't gone to the justice department and disclosed the situation, that anything would've happened to you? >> aguirre: well, mr. kroft, if we hadn't gone to the justice department, we probably would not be here talking about this whole issue. no one would know about this. >> kroft: since our story aired, salvatore mancuso has been extradited to the u.s. to face drug charges, and the colombian government has stepped up its investigation of dole. two jailed paramilitary leaders have corroborated mancuso's claims that they received protection money from the company. >> good evening. the cash for clunkers program

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>> pelley: once in a while, we run across a science story that is hard to believe until you see it. that's how we felt about this story when we first saw human beings operating computers, writing e-mails, and driving wheelchairs with nothing but their thoughts. quietly, in a number of laboratories, an astounding technology is developing that directly connects the human brain to a computer. it's like a sudden leap in human evolution-- a leap that could one day help paralyzed people to walk again and amputees to move

bionic limbs. as we first reported last november, the connection has already been made for a few people, and for them, it has been life-changing. scott mackler was a husband, father and successful neuroscientist when he received perhaps the worst news imaginable. at the age of 40, he could run a marathon in three and a half hours, but it was about that time that he discovered he had a.l.s., lou gehrig's disease. his brain was losing its connection to virtually every muscle in his body. the near total paralysis would also stop his lungs. he didn't want to live on a ventilator, so nine years ago, he recordethis message for his two sons. >> scott mackler: i know the future holds lots of love and joy and pride, and that life goes on. and i'll be watching you along the way. and i love you very much, and i'll see you. >> pelley: this is scott mackler today.

his mind is sharp as ever, but his body has failed. doctor's call it "locked in" syndrome. scott and his wife lynn learned to communicate with about the only thing he has left, eye movement. >> lynn mackler: he'll look at you for yes. >> pelley: right. >> lynn mackler: and for no? >> pelley: and for "no," he looks away. >> lynn mackler: yep. >> pelley: i see. it's cumbersome. >> lynn mackler: it is. >> pelley: but recently, scott found a new voice. >> scott mackler: can everyone hear the p.c.? i apologize for the quality of the voice. >> pelley: scott wrote these words, one letter at a time, with nothing but his thoughts and the help of what's called a brain-computer interface or b.c.i. he wears a cap that picks up the electrical activity of his brain and allows him to select letters simply by thinking about them. then, the computer turns his sentences into speech. >> scott mackler: i hate being helpless and when other people put words in my mouth. pelley: well, this is a very unusual interview for "60 minutes." we've done something that we never, ever do, and that is

we've submitted the questions in advance, because it takes scott a little while to put the answers together using the b.c.i. device. scott, i understand that, earlier in the progression of this disease, you said that, at the point you had to go on a ventilator, you didn't want to go on anymore. but today, you are on a ventilator, and i'm curious about what changed your mind. >> scott mackler: because i can still communicate. >> pelley: it isn't fast-- it takes 20 seconds or so to select each letter. scott told us it took him about an hour to write the answers to our 16 questions. but he writes well enough to continue his research and manage his lab at the university of pennsylvania, where he still goes to work every day. you use this system even to text your sons, for example. and i wonder what it would mean to your life today if the system somehow was taken away from you? >> scott mackler: i couldn't

work without b.c.i. >> pelley: couldn't work without b.c.i. what has it meant to your relationship? >> lynn mackler: well, i... he's happier. he can communicate with not just us, but with the world. this gave him his independence, his working, intellectual scientist independence back. >> pelley: the system was developed by neuroscientist dr. jonathan wolpaw at new york state's wadsworth center. >> dr. jonathan wolpaw: this is basically just your standard e.e.g. or brain wave cap. >> pelley: to understand how the b.c.i. works, i asked researcher theresa vaughan to hook me up. >> wolpaw: and you'll see there are little white disks scattered around on your head. >> pelley: those disks are electrodes that pick up the faint electrical activity that brain cells create when they communicate with each other. yeah, it's a little cold. theresa is putting a conductive gel on top of my scalp to help the electrodes pick up the signals. >> theresa vaughan: all set? >> pelley: all set.

i'm thinking of the letters of a word that only i know. every time the computer flashes the correct letter on the screen, i silently think to myself "that's it, that's the one." that feeling of recognition sets off a unique electrical pattern in my brain which the computer picks up. this is remarkable. it worked the first time i tried it without a single mistake. ( laughs ) that is amazing. how about that? how about that? i never would have believed it. you know, i can imagine some people watching this interview are thinking to themselves, "wait a minute, they're connecting the brain to a computer." are we moving in the direction of reading people's thoughts? are we... is this mind control around the corner? >> wolpaw: no. no, it is not. it is certainly not mind control, and it's... it's different from reading people's

thoughts, and it's important to realize this requires the cooperation of the person. >> pelley: as remarkable as this is, some scientists believe this technology is limited, because putting electrodes on top of the scalp is like listening to a symphony from the street outside the concert hall. so what would happen if the electrodes were inside the brain? that's what they're doing at the university of pittsburgh-- implanting electrodes inside the brains of monkeys. andy schwartz, a neuroscientist at the university, implanted this grid of electrodes. it's tiny, but there are 100 sensors, each listening to a different brain cell, or neuron. it's like listening to the symphony of the brain, but now, sitting in the front row. tell me what we're hearing. >> andy schwartz: right there, you're hearing the cell fire. >> pelley: the brain is telling us how it works. we just have to figure out the language. schwartz has been decoding that

language by watching the monkey's movement and recording the corresponding signals in its brain. so what does that tell you? >> schwartz: so, there's a relationship between how fast the neuron fires and the way the animal moves its hand. and we're trying to understand that relationship, so that if we see a neuron firing, we can say, "ah, the animal's about to make this kind of movement." >> pelley: once schwartz started to figure out that relationship, he was able to connect the monkey's brain directly to a robotic arm. within days, the monkey operated the arm as if it was his own. >> schwartz: the monkey has both arms restrained. and we're recording brain signals from its brain, and it's using those brain signals to operate this entire arm. >> pelley: so he's operating the arm in three dimensions-- up/down, forward and back? >> schwartz: as well as the gripper. >> pelley: what you're telling me is that the monkey is operating this arm with nothing but his thoughts. >> schwartz: absolutely. no, you see the evidence right there. there's proof of the principle right there. >> pelley: what are the chances

that a human being would be able to do this same thing? >> schwartz: oh, we think a human being could do much better. >> pelley: and believe it or not, cathy hutchinson is well on her way to finding out. she's among the first humans to have her brain directly wired to a computer. years ago, cathy suffered a stroke that left her mentally sharp, but trapped inside a paralyzed body and unable to speak-- "locked in," like scott mackler. three years ago, cathy volunteered to have the same kind of sensors we saw in the monkeys implanted in her motor cortex, which controls movement and is located right on the surface of the brain. the sensors connect to the computer through this plug on her head. the system is called braingate, and it was created by a team led by brown university neuroscientist john donoghue. >> john donoghue: if you look at this square, each one of these little black boxes is the electrical signal coming from one electrode in the brain. >> pelley: and each one of those

is a neuron firing? >> donoghue: right-- it's its electrical potential. it lets out a 1/1,000th of a second pulse. >> pelley: how well do we understand this language? >> donoghue: we have a... somewhat of an understanding. we know that there's a general pattern of, for example, left/right, up/down, even fast or slow. >> dr. leigh hochberg: scott, cathy now has neural control over that cursor. >> pelley: dr. leigh hochberg of massachusetts general hospital is leading the clinical trial. we watched together as cathy showed us what she can do. we're seeing cathy moving this cursor with nothing but her mind? >> hochberg: that's right. she's thinking about the movement of her hand, and she's moving the cursor much as if she had her hand on a mouse. >> pelley: so if a patient who's paralyzed thinks, "move my left arm," the brain fires those neurons? >> donoghue: yes. >> pelley: even though the arm does not move? >> donoghue: yes. it's very surprising. it fires, even though you're not moving. >> hochberg: the cursor is still a bit wavy. >> pelley: moving the cursor with her mind is not as fluid or direct as using a mouse.

while we were there, the cursor meandered a bit, sometimes overshot, but cathy always hit her target in the end. >> hochberg: do you want to play some music? all right. she'll click on it. imagine squeezing her hand, which is... or doing something else for the click. >> pelley: and she just clicked "play." >> hochberg: yep, she did. ♪ >> pelley: that's pretty amazing. and so, if cathy can control a cursor, she can control anything a computer is connected to? >> hochberg: that's the goal. >> pelley: the lights, the temperature in the room, even... even a wheelchair, at some point. >> donoghue: ready to try it for real? >> pelley: in fact, cathy has already driven a wheelchair. >> donoghue: see if you can drive it right over to the door. >> pelley: they haven't let her ride in it yet for her own safety, but with monkeys adopting robot arms and a completely paralyzed person

driving a chair, imagine where this could be headed. >> donoghue: fantastic. very good. ( applause ) >> pelley: you're merging man and machine. >> donoghue: in that sense, yes. >> pelley: you've done it? >> donoghue: yes. >> pelley: donoghue envisions this technology will go beyond helping people communicate. he believes that amputees will one day be using b.c.i.s to control robotic arms, and those with paralysis will be able to move their own arms and legs again. >> donoghue: in spinal cord injury, that cable that connects the brain to the spinal cord is broken. we can reconnect that brain, not to the spinal cord, but directly out to the muscles with a little computer that's making up for all the lost parts. and we'll see people be able to do things like reach out, hold onto a cup, bring the cup to their mouth and have a sip of water. >> pelley: as a neuroscientist, scott mackler also believes that day will come. his skullcap interface is a machine that has given him back his humanity. he's continued to publish scientific papers and to speak

his mind. >> scott mackler: live life to the fullest. my wife and i now speak every day of how we have no regrets. >> pelley: no regrets. as our interview ended, scott asked me to play a powerpoint presentation he made to make sure that he got the last word. so i'm going to roll that now and see what he has to say. >> scott mackler: please don't think that i'm an inspiration, because anyone could do what i've done. >> pelley: scott keeps talking about not being courageous. i don't particularly think that is true. >> lynn mackler: i don't either. i think he's pretty brave. (announcer) there are engines... and then there's the twin-turbocharging, 365-horsepower-generating, ecoboost™ engine in the all-new ford taurus sho that has the thirst of a v6 with the thrust of a v8.

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>> simon: there may be no single fear as intense and as widespread as the fear of meeting up with a shark. sharks even inhabit the nightmares of people who don't swim. quite a surprise, then, to learn that, these days, more and more people are seeking them out, spending millions of dollars to get as close as they can to sharks. but here's the rub-- right where sharks are most visible, they're becoming more dangerous. as we first reported a few years ago, shark attacks are on the rise, and many blame these attacks precisely on shark tourism in a place which is called "shark central." more than 35,000 tourists-- americans and europeans mainly-- come here every year, to the tip of south africa, where two oceans meet, with the hope of

seeing what we were lucky enough to see-- a great white going after a seal, exploding out of the ocean like a cruise missile. take another look. that's two tons of fish, 20 feet long, getting air. >> aidan martin: this is the best place in the world to learn about the secret lives of these animals, so that's what attracts me here. >> simon: the secret lives of these animals? >> martin: oh, very secret. >> simon: so secret, says australian scientist aidan martin, that we know very little about great white sharks. we don't know how many there are or how long they live. we've never seen them mate or give birth. >> martin: oh, fantastic! look at that! >> simon: how does such an enormous guy get so far out of the water? >> martin: it's essentially a projectile, and it has sacrificed maneuverability for speed. so it's a little bit like having a truck trying to run down one of those bicycle couriers. i know we've all had fantasies about that.&

>> simon: it excited the seals, too. they're making a lot of noise. the seals-- that's what it's all about. what, for us, is a remarkable sight, for the sharks, is breakfast. and seals are their favorite food. oh! >> martin: oh! that was fantastic. he came out upside-down. >> simon: we're right next to seal island here. population: 50,000. when you see a shark going for a seal, who are you rooting for? >> chris fallows: well, i actually root for the seal. >> simon: chris fallows is a shark tourism operator. i think we can really relate to the situation of the seals, >> fallows: sure. >> simon: they're at home sitting in the sun, happy and safe and having a wonderful time and everything's great. but when they get hungry, they've got to go out into the sea, and in the sea, there are a lot of rough characters. >> fallows: yeah, it's a catch... catch 22. unfortunately for the seals, they need to go out and feed, and at this island, they've got a very good chance of being eaten by a white shark. >> simon: after watching a shark have a meal, a lot of tourists

do the same, go back to shore. but some stick around, tempted to leave our world, if ever so briefly, and go down to theirs, underwater. it's the thing to do these days for seekers of adventure and adrenaline. you do it, of course, from the safety of a cage. safety? this happened to tourists not far from where we were. a shark actually got into the cage. if he hadn't lost his bearings and turned upside down, the tourists would have been toast. but chris fallows assured us that this hardly ever happens, that thousands have gone down in cages here and lived to talk about it. so we decided to give it a try. that's a very large shark. >> martin: are you clear with everything i've said so far, bob? >> simon: yeah. how do i get out? it actually isn't quite as frightening as you might think. that could be because the great white is such a magnificent

creature that you feel more wonder than fear. i've got to say, the closer it comes, the more awesome it becomes. it swims with unbelievable grace, considering it's such a... such a big fish. then, suddenly and quietly, a seal came by. the seal. oh, my heavens. >> martin: the seal's in the cage! >> simon: i'll never know whether it was trying to escape the shark, or if it just liked me. he's looking right at me. is this something i should worry about? >> don't touch the seal. >> simon: okay. when "jaws" came out 30 years ago now, it had such an impact that a lot of people stopped going to the beaches, they were so scared of sharks. think about what's changed. now, shark tourism has become big business. a lot of people are spending a

lot of money to do what i'm doing right now, which is just to sit underwater in a cage and hope to get a good look at a shark. but shark tourism has its critics. surfers here are convinced that shark attacks are on the rise because tour operators attract sharks with bait and fish blood, known as "chum," to make sure their clients get what they paid for. >> craig bovim: when you go cage diving here, you don't necessarily put yourself at risk as a tourist, but you might be putting the local inhabitants at risk. >> simon: craig bovim is a local inhabitant and a surfer. he leads a group of concerned citizens who believe that chum makes sharks associate people with food. bovim thinks that may be why a shark attacked him three years ago. he remembers it every time he looks at his hands. >> bovim: i can't describe the fear that went through me then. it's everybody's worst nightmare, and it was happening

to me. >> simon: he was diving for crayfish when a great white shark came up beside him, disappeared, then returned. >> bovim: all i saw was this fin coming towards me at speed, and he just clamped down hard on both my forearms with a crunching sound, and then his body landed on me. i knew i'd been eaten, or bitten. and i knew... >> simon: you'd been bitten; you were being eaten. >> bovim: well, i don't know if he was going... trying to swallow me, but i knew that i was... >> simon: but he wasn't letting go? >> bovim: no. i was stuck. and i was... and i knew i was going to die, and i basically gave up. i just... just lay there, and he started swimming slowly with me in his mouth, presumably out to sea. >> simon: with your arms in his mouth? >> bovim: yeah, like this. i was hanging underneath his belly, and it took a while for me to react properly. and it was the thought of my children, and that basically dying and saying good-bye to

them. and i thought, no, i want to see my kids. so, i reacted a bit and i pulled as hard as i could on my right arm, and it seemed to... what came out appeared to be the stump of my forearm, because i looked down, and i just saw the gushing stump, arteries exposed and bones and all sorts, and i thought i'd left my hand inside his stomach. i said, "i can deal with this." and now, for the next one. >> simon: he eventually managed to pull that hand out, too, and the shark swam away. exhausted and losing blood fast, bovim somehow managed to swim 70 yards to shore. doctors managed to save not only his life, but some use of his hands. now, he devotes himself to campaigning against the way most tour operators conduct their business. you would have no problem, i take it, from going out in a boat, and if you see a shark, you see a shark. your problem is with putting bait in the water-- chum, as it's called-- cages, stuff like that? >> bovim: it's domesticating a wild animal.

it's common knowledge-- don't feed wild animals. why is this the only wild animal you are allowed to feed in africa is a great white shark? it's bizarre. >> simon: shark attacks used to be virtually unheard of here. but there have been six in the past two years. three people have died, two of them swallowed whole, which is unusual. shark spotters have been hired to maintain a constant vigil, and many have joined bovim's campaign for legislation to ban baiting and chumming, legislation which already exists in florida and hawaii. but tour operators claim that linking what they do to shark attacks is ridiculous. >> fallows: as you can see here, i've got two small tuna and a couple of sardines. any commercial fishing boat that is going out on any given day is putting fish into the water to attract other fish up to the boat to catch it. they're doing nothing different to us. >> simon: a lot of people say that this is sort of like putting meat in front of a lion in a game park? >> fallows: it's an

inevitability of going into the ocean. and when you've got millions of people using the sea, there are going to be instances where people are going to be attacked. it's as simple as that. >> simon: well, it wasn't as simple as that to the people who burned chris fallows' boat in what was seen as a protest against shark tourism. other people are directing their anger at the sharks themselves. vigilantes are vowing to take their boats out and shoot sharks, any sharks, whether or not they were the actual killers. to dampen the hysteria, local conservationists put out this commercial, which begins just like "jaws." it points out that the number of people killed by sharks worldwide is tiny. last year, just nine people died. 791, the ad says, were killed by toasters. but fear of sharks is so deep, psychologists will tell you, that statistics and commercials

can't get below the surface. >> dr. helgo schomer: we're talking about something that humans don't experience every day. being on the meal list of somebody else is a very, very unusual experience. >> simon: university of cape town psychologist and surfer helgo schomer treats people with shark phobia, or tries to. >> simon: there are so many ways you can get killed, so many horrible ways you can get killed. you can get murdered, you can get mugged, you can die in a war. why is it that getting eaten, bitten by a shark carries a terror with it that none of the other ways of getting killed do? >> schomer: nothing comes close to it. you mentioned being eaten. you know, you can die in other ways. but now, being eaten, that means i might be alive, i might actually feel what's going to happen to me. >> simon: but in fact, sharks have far more to fear from us humans and our industrial fishing fleets, which bring in 100 million sharks a year. in some regions, shark populations are down 90%, and some species are approaching

extinction. why is this happening? the answer boils down, literally, to soup-- shark's fin soup. in china, it's been an expensive status symbol for millennia. chefs in the emperor's court were once beheaded if they prepared it incorrectly. but these days more people can pay $100 for a bowl. finning sharks is a billion- dollar business, and it's not a pretty sight. that's because, as soon as a shark is caught, his fins are cut off and he is thrown overboard, alive, to sink to the bottom and drown. in south africa and a few other countries, it's a crime to do that. but given the high price of soup, it's a very common crime. what's a fin worth? a large one can cost thousands of dollars. and the black market in fins is tough to police because most of the sharks are caught in international waters, where there's no law against finning. but on land, laws can be

enforced. in cape town recently, authorities raided several processing plants owned by hong kong chinese. seven tons of fins were confiscated. this is only a small fraction of the haul. and after you've seen those fins laid out, have another look, as we did, at sharks doing what sharks do-- at a cow shark weaving through an underwater forest; at the perfect geometry and grace of a blue shark in cold, clear water. it's not the shark's fault that we've demonized him for so long. besides, we need our demons; they've been with us, in our minds, as long as gods. so the next time you're in a chinese restaurant and feel like some soup, why not stick to the egg drop or the wonton? give the shark a break.

>> welcome to the cbs sports updait presented by vying a ramp the bridgestone invitational, tiger woods began the day three behind padraig harrington. he won by four, his seventh victory at firestone and career victory number 70. in tennis, juan martine del potro defeated andy roddick in three sets to win the legg-mason classic. for more sports news, log on to cbssports.com. this is jim nantz reporting. sometime from it all as possible. don't let erectile dysfunction get in the way. ♪ viva viagra! viagra, america's most prescribed ed treatment, can help you enjoy... a more satisfying sexual experience. ready to talk to your doctor? find out how at viagra.com ask your doctor if your heart is healthy enough for sex. don't take viagra if you take nitrates for chest pain...

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>> stahl: and now, a few minutes with andy rooney. >> rooney: i'm a sucker for any new kitchen tool.

over the years, i've filled our kitchen drawers with gadgets we never use. this seemed like a good idea at the time. it's for grating parmesan cheese. well, i buy cheese already grated now. this is for slicing bread-- never used it. and i can't believe how many things i don't need one of that i have two of, like another bread slicer. i only have one of these, fortunately. it's for pressing the oil out of a can of tuna fish. i bought this for making ravioli. you lay the dough here, fill it, and press it closed. two of those. i don't use either one. if we want ravioli, we go to an italian restaurant, and i bet they don't use one of those, either. there are all sorts of nutcrackers in our kitchen drawers. you'd crack a pecan or a walnut with this, i guess. if that doesn't work, we have two of these. i haven't cracked a nut in years, but here we have three nutcrackers. this is a nice one, but again, i don't know what it does.

but again, we have two. this is an eight-pound, cast iron clunker for making corn sticks. some of you probably know what this is. it's for dipping honey out of a jar. why didn't the bees think of that? you put a tomato in here if you want to slice it. if i ever want to slice a tomato, i'll be ready. in the past few years, i've bought three can openers and none of them work. look at this. i always end up going back to the old manual opener, or one of these, semiautomatic. i'm not sure about this. maybe it's for fishing a boiled egg out of hot water. now here's something i do use. it's my favorite knife. it looks too big, but i have a theory about knives. it's better to use a big knife, even for a small job. this will carve a turkey or cut an olive in half. i buy anything that says it helps open jars, even if it doesn't. two of these for cutting sponge cake. harry truman was president the last time i cut a sponge cake.

this is for measuring how much pasta to cook. i guess at it, and usually cook too much. a pickle-picker, lemon rind scrapper, melon baller, cookie cutter. this picks the stem off strawberries. i'll keep that. at least it doesn't take up much room in the drawer. to tell you the truth, i don't know whether to throw all these tools away or put them back in the kitchen drawers. i mean, you never know when you're going to need one of these things. >> stahl: i'm lesley stahl. we'll be back next week with another edition of "60 minutes." mom was diagnosed with moderate alzheimer's. it was tough news to hear. everything changed. i didn't know what to do. right about then, our doctor mentioned the exelon patch. he said it releases medicine continuously for 24 hours. he said it could help with her cognition which includes

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