it is cold, but only the chosen few are able to head beyond the earth's atmosphere. it takes years of preparation to actually take on that final frontier space training pushes that means human ability is limited to the very edge. so who are the super heroes of today? let's get to know them a little better. the every comes about spanish starts here in shows me go to doc or star city, the learning to operate a spacecraft. reading under g forces. moving in 0 gravity working in the outer space and even coping with long term isolation. all this is taught with the help of flying labs centrifuges, hydro labs, and a lot more space is closer than you think. the come up and tone is

a veteran of for space flights. he knows better than anyone. how space becomes one's job. the for, thanks for taking the time to uh, meet here basically in your office. so space hits your job. how does one go about doing that? how do you become a customer on, let's say it was my childhood dream to be a customer knowledge and stuff. yeah. and i decided just like you already got in the 1st team of customer notes to become a fight upon it 1st, before joining the customer. know to call the police. okay. it is to prepare for my 1st flight. the now rushes space agency is running a public recruitment campaign to the customer over to you, and it's one of the principals, basically, any russian citizen under the age of $75.00 who has a higher education and meets a few other criteria can find to be selected as a customer and you have to actually stay calm. yeah, i mean, because you're sitting on top of a rocket in some instances with so much force in fresh going up behind you. there's

so many things that can go wrong. you have to stay calm. can you train for that, or is it something that is just in your nature? i understand that you also have parachute exercises that are kind of a psychological, a check as well. that also produce the that's a good question of do much. i think there's no person who by nature is prepared psychologically, 3rd unforeseen circumstances. by the way, a pen space flies itself is of course, hard and sometimes dangerous work. if an emergency it because the most important thing is to be calm and collected. but god has to do everything the way you were taught on the ground. when you were preparing for the flight of age cosmonaut on the go special powers, you're training during which $4.00 to $6.00 trumps i made almost every day over the course of a month full on a long job, which last about a minute hold on because middle it has a special pad on that hand. if i small plastic that up and which does a small task i plug it might be as simple as a mathematical plus or minus calculation know, attending the time show, don't know which one digit clock you can only look at. the task,

once you make the jump, maybe point you'll stabilized in free fall, you can begin to solve the problem with why a child that has a microphone on the recording device that records everything you're saying and see . so you speak as you do your task. after the jump to every night or specialists, overlay the video that the camera man takes of you with the walk. you say he's a piece we send them psychologists who are always present at the jump. skipping makes conclusions about your reactions in an extreme situation. and familiar definitely is an extreme situation because i'm not a professional skydive. i know for my own experience that from jump, the jump was the 1st 100 to 200 jumps. i could feel how i was getting mentally strong, got the quote more composed to be able to pull me. and if i could control my emotions any other way. and even in subject stream situations that i could revolt on what was going on. i mean, so powerful cuzamano to go through with that because someone else to another psychological test i guess is the isolation chamber where you have to go and number of days in silence deprivation sometimes without sleep. um that seems to me

that could also really be a trial. what does that do for us or not? how does that help you prepare talking to the why disorder chain? there is a special room here in style city who knows this. it has no windows, only a door, a couple in the door is closed. there's absolutely no sound inside. during the time you're in the chamber, which can be from $3.00 to $5.00 days. if you're feeling you have no normal voice communication with anyone, you know, some of the confuse, day and night to. there's a bed next you. this is also mentally tough as you want to sleep on it, but you console, but i mean, but there are no tool that candidates for space flights selected for the customer to obtain post the sound proof chain, but test with the company. i mean, they were suspended from training and expelled from the customer, not squandered because they filed the soto chain, but test to i've always had that there's nothing more loud than the silence in your own head. the kind of yes, yes, of course with some fits, stimulates long space flight by north of when the may be, for example, a lack of communication. you may be alone in the spacecraft and there may be

a delay in transmission of information. so i think it's a very necessary test, especially for long space flights, but open. mm hm. now, when we think of, of cause much training, one thing is a stereotype or kind of a certain image is you spinning around in the centrifuge. right? uh, what exactly does that do? i know that it applies more g forces on you can explain a little bit of what that means and what do you do? how does that help you as an astro? i prepare the jim was not something for watch. the centrifuge full beauty of it was the centrifuge, simulates overload, choose to which is what it cuts middle. it fails during the real quick launch and returned to us as he breaks from the speed of 8 kilometers per 2nd. diversity 0. but if i'm, it feels like you'll length increases in proportion to the overload or for example, the overload is a plus 3. so can say, oh wait has tripled and you repeat it was how does that feel? these next 2 of you, if you try to lift your arm or leg, it doesn't matter precise. have you feel like it's 2 or 3 times heavier for these,

but it's like something heavy is being put on it like a lead suit. i talked to move. it's also hard to breeze. you have some good. there is a special technique that helps deal with that. using our muscles, we take it the by holding the chance than breathing superficially with the abdomen . this allows us to continue functioning, allow them to keep the circulatory system working on. yeah, we don't lose consciousness and continue to perform a task. sweet. so now you have these laboratories, these planes that take you up into the parabolic curves. they give you about 29 seconds of 0 gravity 0. geez. um, is it like the real thing? is it, i mean, does it really give you that experience? little thought to speak like that and they give you so much, but somebody, i guess it is real 0. gravity keeps the loosen aisle 76 plane is really big school, but i'm the cabin is almost full meat. this tool is completely empty. there are no seats, those people in the floor is covered with pending to minimize the risk of injury who people spend the customer notes in training, use it to learn to move around the cabin in 0 g before they go into

a space mission. and they also learn to put on the a, so it's in 0 d on a plane like this, the scripts, because this is what they need to be able to do in space. so these flight from really help them experiences, they are a gravity in advance. you've done all your training, you're up on the i ss, and now you have to do experiments because causes nonsense drugs. you have to do experiments while you're up there. in fact, the space flight itself is kind of an experiment. what do you do up there? what's it for? all right, that's a good question given which the many seem to think that we go out there just to have fun floating about and taking pictures of a planet the only pull the we do that too. but the main goal of every space mission is to perform a number of experiments. then that's what the customer notes do. cause me to being in space means we can observe us from the outside of the box and we use it for various experiments to study our planet in detail who do no problem. they range from simple ones like taking pictures for the more complex ones like spectral imaging, with special purpose equipment of security. and that's allows us to see not only

things on the planet surface, but also what's on the ground. we also study how human bodies adapts to being in space or more. so we've been experiments on ourselves. what we've done with the help of space science has some space, medics, but also we're looking for ways to extend the human capacity to spend time and space safely. we're looking to have people know nobody's been 6 months or 12 months or more a little bit. and then successfully returned to our planet issue, but also to land on the moon if needs be for a must be and be fit enough to continue working there. in general, the international space station is the world, the largest one. so if not the largest end, still definitely the most expensive level retreat ever created by humanity we use, but the porch in storage is the cause of mount to the future. here in star city instead of gate, mikaya is preparing for his 1st space flight. the.

it's so good to meet you here and such an interesting facility. i have to ask, we all know about 0 gravity out in outer space, being able to flip and training for that. but how do you train for that in a swimming pool? why do you have to become a diver new way of any preparation for working in outer space involves training in our hydro, labord, tory, and your customer knots, practice all of their actions here in order to repeat them in space. we walk through the entire sequence, practice the entire plan of action in the labs, and also coordinate our actions as a team and then decide who does what during the space walker. i hear that one outing in a space suit. you can lose 2 kilograms. is that true and why is that that? uh huh. it's hard work actually. as you know, space walks nowadays can last up to 8 hours sometimes longer and it's all that time you can find in your suit and you work a lot. so naturally you sweat that way you can lose even more than 2 kilos depending on the job at hand. so when you're on an eva or an extra vehicular

activity out side of the space station, if you lie a lot on your hands, which means you're training your fingers if i'm not mistaken. how does the work? i mean, how do you do that? because there's no of course hand strength is important and so is grant, basically your entire shoulder girdle is involved to your is there a certain tricks like in any profession when working in a space suit for you shouldn't fight it, you need to become one with it. for and then you will have enough endurance to get you through the entire space walk mission. i know that we have a as authentic as you can get of a mock up inside a pool. here, you're inside a space suit. but when you're here, you have some safety precautions. you have divers who are down there with you, who can help you if you get in trouble. when you're in space, who do you rely on 10 years now? of course an outer space. it's only you and your crew made that you can count on. nobody goes out into space alone with space walk. emissions always require 2 crew members,

each keeping an eye on the other. so you only have your mate to rely on yourself and some help from, or if there's been a long time since we've gone to the moment. but right now there's a lot more focus and attention on going back to the moon. how does this affect your training? and the more right now, i'm only hoping that one day i will be part of those mood admissions. i think any cosmonaut in any space agency wants to be on a mission like this. this dream is the reason you become a cosmo, not, not only to go to outer space, but to go to the moon as well when you're sick. so in fact, all attempts to go to the moon are just testing the technologies that will take human kind further into space. the 1st we need to gain a foothold on the moon as an interim phase, and then move on. you know, obviously this is going to take some time, but there's no doubt that it will happen in the near future. you work a lot with robots. that's natural. and is there a possible move it to use more robots? possibly even a i maybe even replace a customer that's at some point. is this part of the plan?

or will there always be a need for the customer? not in space. not even though because we have robotics systems at the international space station. and although i'm sure the technology is going to develop and move forward, it will never be to replace human. this is really robotic systems and cause when ops will be moving towards the future together with robots helping humans explore outer space or i know of uh, at 1st there will be some small systems assisting customer nots with minor tasks. but eventually, as the systems grow and develop, robots will be entrusted with more and more routine works is of course, i hope those robots will be safe to work with from and will really make the work of cosmonaut. it's easier. so new spacecraft, long distance flights, we've talked about that a little bit already. so that means new kinds of training. things that haven't been done for before kind of going because you don't know what to expect and how to prepare. and how is that affecting your training needs in the prolonged space flights the lunar missions or just a year long orbital. i assess flights that have become so common recently require

a new kind of training and training for a lunar mission includes learning to drive lunar rovers on the moon and landing on the moon and a manual mode. while we can find suitable conditions on earth for lunar driving practice, other things like manual mode, flight and landing drills require either computer modeling or practicing landing and a helicopter for google. i think this is going to be the key type of training for such a long term space expeditions to be to the right. so this place will never stopping fascinating to me. now, more of a fun question. i know that causes but not can be superstitious. uh, do you guys have any traditions or have you taken up any good luck charms with you? the yes or a many traditions longer and some of them was started by you already got in himself

. usage got got in the right. good luck to him. as to why me the, you have an official name. no. the 0 gravity indicator at the crew captain takes with him a small stuffed toy. that's the only gets all kinds of record approvals to be included on the equipment and the condo listed. so when you but it is listed there as a 0 gravity indicator that's always on a rope above the captain's head. off to the captain gets inside the cabin and seals the door. he usually hangs it back himself making so it doesn't get in his view when he's watching the control board as the rocket launches the road extends because of etc ration. yeah. give it. and once we reach old, it's about 9 minutes later when we have you 200 kilometers above the ground. yeah, and that's with 0, g begins when we ship what we call it, fill it immediately physically. but the plush toys is the 1st thing that begins to float from it. that's how the crew realizes that we're in a little bit. e, we're in 0 g. we've made it to space between i've seen 1st time is on my crew. get really excited about seeing that toy flow to they started throwing pencils at each

other as a way to at least see the 0 g. well, we county at feel that physically got it keeping we have to wait until central control gives us permission to one strap. out sales from our seats signal and then we can experience 0. do you fully a very cool. all right, so we've talked a lot about like the training. we've talked a lot about what it's like being up there. um, but getting down to pretty hard and it seems that it can put a lot of stress on the vehicle stress on you can be terrifying. but you've said that keeping kind of a child like attitude, it just helps you talk to me a little bit about that. um, well yes, if you compare the launch and the return of the return is the most dramatic and thrilling password in, if i usually compare it to a roller coaster, we feel the g factor. you'll see thing in the lending mode. you the re entry capsule and you'll being twisted in time. does it slows down against the atmosphere? you'll caps, you'll still it's building up and you can see it engulfed in flames through the windows. uh, i tried to help my crew made so out on the 1st defense guide so that they don't

freeze and figure out i'd rather stay engaged with the re entry process instead of just sitting there and bring them even what i tell them is. yeah, as i mentioned that your children on a fun ride store, you can scream, you can shriek, i'm gonna kill you with one of that. personally, it's better if you express your emotion, then if you pull it up inside of whatever happens in the camp, seal is only recorded by the flight record. it's not going anywhere. once people get the idea, they relax and reassure each other, but so we've learned that going through this stage can be easy and even enjoyable. so you can always predict exactly where you're gonna land. we know that it's going to be somewhere in this general area of the tundra. sometimes that can go wrong, as we know is leona. so you have to do survival training. what's that like? what's it about? what do you train for? what do you, what type of survival conditions just need to yes, we learned that less than that if the customer know to the enough and but you know, i have had an emergency landing. i mean, they found themselves in the tango during a brutal frost fall from any human life and

a 100 kilometers from the nearest road. they were in the space suits and no clothes to change into something almost froze to death, even though they'd survive. the landing itself, like this teaches us up the, there's a diverse place we'll do. a landing site could be a forest lake, the deserts or even a mountain. and that's why we undergo survival training for various types of terrain up to you must learn to survive for a given period of time without your survival kits is the only results. all right, so this gives you an idea of the size, and this is just the russian as part of the space ocean 6. so you've been up here, you've done your job, you've made it down. and i have to ask a question, kind of from the, from the kid side of my heart. what does it feel like to be back on earth after you've been in 0, jay, what, what does it actually feel like put something on your body. and well, i'd say it feels as they feel in some kind of super heavy suit to them. each of my 4 expeditions was 6 months. and this means that i didn't experience any gravity for

6 months in a row. i remember my thoughts when we landed i have to exit the spacecraft. they use the captain, i'm the 1st one to go to. so i only have one fuss myself from the seat and stretch out my hands in front of me. you could see that i could be pulled out and evacuated from the cap ceiling. i told you, i remember feeling that my arms was so heavy. they wouldn't even move without significant effort. but if i was holding something really big likes really to water bottles in each hand, after i was pulled out and seated in a chair and with i felt the physical force cold made towards the ground. but so i actually felt that energy, the power that defense ation of gravity. very cool. okay. so i'm also in the presence of not only a customer, not but an actor as well. you are part of the, of these off movies the challenge the something interesting about that is that you talk to people just base who didn't go through all the training, all the customer, not training, but basically just did a rapid,

quick succession of trainings. and so they could get up there and from this part of the movie, um, does this open up new avenues does open up space to more people are oh, of course, most envelope aspect rosco's most gave us a very short time frame. 3 and a half months because we never had such a short period of time to train 2 people for space or the system was normally we have almost 3 times longer. but this experience prove that it is possible to train people even within such short time frames, approve of. so this trip made by the crew of the challenge has indeed opened the way for more people to go into space. one of your colleagues, um, a soviet customer not actually said this beautiful phrase that um, when you go up into space, you leave a patriot of your country, but when you return to earth, you are a patriot of earth. it's a beautiful idea. you can't see country boundaries from space and expertise, but we may have an idea or about where a country alliance,

but we can't exactly tell where one state ends and another begins. it's something you often notice when in a little bit. so we come to realize the death is fragile and we must judge people to present of all home. and when i get back to us, i really feel no boundaries. nothing feels truly abroad that it goes wherever it is and it's still on us. the only a handful of people were chosen to be the 1st to take on space and what barnowski was among them. what was it like and how do you prepare for something that you know so little about the 1st i want to say i've been looking forward to this conversation for a long time. i've heard a lot about you in my mind, you're kind of like our extended family because in full disclosure, your daughter, marina is my producer. so when you were chosen as an astride, you were preparing for things that we didn't know what to prepare for. we didn't

know what the 0 g would feel like we didn't know what traveling and out of space would be like. so what was that like to be preparing for something that was unknown to everybody? maybe in january 1963, but i was selected as a member of the 2nd group of cosmo knows. yeah, by that time it's your own people that don't really be into space. there was no customer, no training center back then, no much experience. and so we were in a sense, guinea pig slip or go with us as test subjects. they wrote out what it was like to live in space or new housing each in space. how's your day and with basic bodily functions and so on. if that was among 4 of the youngest members in the group, are there no way of being trained for a long duration flights event time. nobody knew what it was like to be in space for an extended period. so we will put through extremely tough training, just ok. your training was very difficult, but then in fact,

it was much more difficult, much more harsh than the training that is taking place today. uh, what did you have to do? what was expected of the customer? not back then, and what types of trainings have since been dropped while you last of the things we had to go through what they did dropped like training sessions in the some old test chain, but i may want system will change all you might all scared about it, well, they put you in a sealed box where it's close to 90 degrees celsius and you'll fully closed. going your overalls, your heavy boots and, and wearing the hats and the customer now. so the test was to wait until the whole body temperature rises by 2 degrees, but it turned out there was no use for the test. so they gave up on it. the number of the test remained. for example, you, i know that in this training center, when they do high g training, they go up to 8 g. but we used to have tough a standards or we trained up to 12 g o. so as you can see here with the center,

they've got all these simulators under elaborate machine or they even have the craft on displaying here or it, or we had none of those. nowadays their entire laboratories that can fly and simulate a 0 gravity. these airplanes that go up and down, back in your time. how did you simulate 0 gravity? was there a way to do it? how did you find this ability to do so? this yes. and my time no, and no flying laboratories. you. we used to fly planes code make 15. you guys were, each of us had our own funds and start to myself. included with the deposit did the maneuver code up around the same as flying lab does, but only it has a more powerful engine at the top of the power of the law. you achieve weightlessness but it's only for a few seconds. and then those seconds for mobile i had to try eating a wafer. cool. now, when you were chosen as a customer, not only the lead to only a very select few could become

a customer or not. but now there is an open call for anyone who is interested. is this a good thing that for us, right? if you're ultimately you to come to them and ask you to know what you were, the grandfather of russian aviation and russian space exploration. nikolai come on and said the space is just an extension to aviation, and that's why the 1st group of customer notes was formed internally of find a pilots. then it turned out that engineers don't, is, and design engine is going to own going to space as well. they play them. so the requirements are like this a. if you pass the wait list list to store and completed centrifuge training, you could be consider the candidate for space flights. i think the very soon working in space will be just as essential as working in i t or, or doing comp and triggers. in other words, it will be a softer profession. back in your time when a customer not would return from the space, they were an instance star. nowadays, people have our time knowing who their cause minutes are there as not. so why do

you think this is the word new customer and that today space exploration is become coming, play easy, and then you turn on the tv and there's always some story about what's happening and all that. so it's become the norm. in my days it was different when it caused me know when to space and returned bank to us when they became a national hero. one of the we, when the 1st ones. so i'm being 1st and that is always difficult. for one thing fits space flight will never be routine. it will always be fascinating. thank you for your work. i'm a familiar with your work on the bron program as well, and it's been an honor to talk to you today. the

. the water is part of the employee would post good isn't the the place you of us and that in the word part, is it something deeper, more complex might be present there? let's stop without cases let's go products. oh now it shows the wrong just don't have to shape out the application

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luxury. is that a yes or no? this one, most of the rooms, 242 you 149 people died including 75 children of age was practically wiped off. the face of the law. new blue loves are a little but live arching could have charlie was, you know, in june where you put us bottles. oh shoot. was really i really usually its own you sonya. so the infamous battalion responsible for the atrocity included over $100.00 ukranian nationalists from west to new. right? because of the picture. all right, and so i'll see you guys so far as the new e phone that so long as you guys pursuing your opportune, i'm with them. us casa de classified criminal cases from the central archive of the k g, b, a better rules shed light on the atrocity. and on so numerous questions that have

remained an onset for many years. watch on tv the activities of too much high school diploma who handles life and all it is the .