i, mr. pine, i think you're very optimistic, but maybe that's the american spirit i hope, but i definitely do join your hopes for peace and for a rational way to the see far we have to end there, but i'm very, very grateful for your time today. thank you very much and thank you for watching hope this year again, on the well to part with . mm. ah, ah

. at this hour, american and coalition forces are in the early stages of military operations to disarm iraq, to free its people, and to defend the world from great pain whose with we will bring to the iraqi people, food and medicines,

and supplies. and sleep with with what happens when you make games with actual physical sport, something like digital? the answer is yes, because on is preparing to host the 1st ever gains of the future. a cyber context with a physical dimension. one of the innovators, eager to study, is on the verge of redefining sports and gaming. he tells us what's behind this synergy, and if it's the future,

ah, hello, i'm manila chan. you are tuned into modus operandi this week. the battle for africa across the continent, a patchwork of political instability, steep in centuries, old french colonial past, can modern africa shape its history and carved its own pathway to prosperity without the west. for a better future, we'll delve into the resource rich continent. all right, let's get into the ammo. the news africans know their history. the massive continent was carved up by a number of empires through several centuries from the mores who ruled the north in the 7th century, a de the dutch down in the south during the 16th century and the french over in the west. in the 17th century, africa was always attractive to imperialist nations,

and while french imperialism ended by the late 18, hundreds, actual full de colonization was said to be completed by get this. the 1960 s. however, its impacts on the former colonies are still being felt today, whether it's the forced purge of native languages or it's entrenched ties on modern day banking systems. the french footprint is a deep one. now a modern africa, once again, seeing the french return this time a charm offensive by french president emanuel mac road. in the summer of 2022, he visited cameroon, but nene guinea b. so, algeria, nigeria, and then just months before his trip micro hosted the so called new france, africa summit, where he promised french investments and african businesses to increase influence in

a way kind of paying penance for its colonial crimes. but at the same time trying to maintain it's what hold in the region from that very colonialism. so what are younger african leaders think about this history and their predictions for the future. for that we are being joined by mister l hodge digits here. he's the president of the timber to center. it's a premier think tank and molly, focusing on piece building solutions in the saw how, how hodge, thank you for joining us 1st. why does it seem like the world always focuses on, british colonial colonialism, but seem to forget the french history of colonialism as well? does it seem like france sort of gets a path? well, it's really important to let you know that the british colonization was an indirect role. and then the french colonization was aware by the french colonizer,

came even close to the language, impose the way the colonized can countries cox. i did sort of bridge this call on colonization. they came to learn about history, culture and colonized african. but in general conversation it's colonization. there is no good colonization of the which countries in africa saw the french colonize. and what impacts do we still see from that today? can you sort of expand on what that french french influence looks like right now? dental and is all about governance level as you see what's going on in, in my country. and my, the actually there is a growing and sentiments in the population because since 2012 and there was a conflict in north central regional smiley and then for the french,

our source is a better somebody can leverage their not so reasonable smile. it asked us 10 years of operation, they were there for safety against terrorism about their law kind of goes to populations, milan in general, see, late french was coming again as a colonizer due to due to their behavior. and due to do a diagnostic quality inn. and just to follow up. so we're clear in. 1 molly was the fear of french interference was an justified e. yeah. yeah, because they're talking about so they're, they're a state of commodity and also as you know, the spanish, the spanish french forces occasionally not her mommy was not the result. so

it was a failure. and a lot of people really point out friends that he was not supporting molly, talk to us a bit about what's called colonial debt. how does that relate to the infrastructure problems experienced by some of these african countries? now, in west africa, regions, countries, kornmeier by french. that is that fence that you talking about because yes, today we are much colonization areas. but we know that there is a lot of friends, trans enterprises. and molly, initiated with fossil and then you know, holy purse and those economy dynamics show how and show the gnostic. and so even talk about, you know, we're not much of a so says,

in west africa talk about an attitude when or that friends have my house ties with ira in recent years. let's call them the micron era. there has been renewed interest by the french in various african states. specifically, nigeria, a manual micron seems to be doing a lot of courting of nigeria on something of a charm offensive. why? and yeah, as you know, the french is actually losing, and cm's in the x colony is like molly and these are so why there is a growing new generation against the french millions into countries. and now is the way for them to diversify, diversified their customers and then find new passes. and that's why i feel like

they are trying to build ties with niger. does it have anything to do with nigeria as natural resources? as we all know, that not a chance in africa and they have a shuttle that's all i should like once and just kind of beach are you sure? yeah. all right, l hodge digit is staying with us. now coming up next, we will delve into the finances of some african states under the control of france . is this financial guardianship needed? we'll discuss it when we return, sit tight. the ammo will be right back out in

ah, with a i really thought that we were going to die in fly. i crawled all the way to the right other than i hid behind death on my fears before i was even born. and this has happened again and again and again and again and again, because people continue to stick with the system, i don't do any other day. and only one of them came home. basically we want to make sure that certain things that are just too dangerous or regular civilian should be in the hands of those people who are and say, i think no way to start think

hi, i'm rick sanchez. and i'm here to play with you. whatever you do, you do not watch my new show. seriously. why watch something that so different my little opinions that you won't get anywhere else work of it please. if you have the state department, the cia weapons makers, multi $1000000000.00 corporations, choose your fax for you. go ahead. i change and whatever you do. don't watch my show to stay main street because i'm probably going to make you uncomfortable. my show is called direct impact, but again, you probably don't want to watch it because it might just change the waiting. thank a center water is thrown in the old or a bowl in the snow falls apart or stuck on this concert at the last concert. but i feel as we from, from the hours,

from the end to lower the do it in bt dufrane. you could keep the way in the police . jesus killed the edge on the ball. a ship though was to live in. i'm done with this in a little bulk. um yeah, the crucial chest middle school was leading us with the bonus. nobody could p t d still know what to do to do with the leukemia. well they need to work with up sheet . any video picks that will be a good way to go with this. when you go see sure, he missed his piece. they need to the middle sophomore, and you can give us history opportunities, but also to miss. don't see this material, but in the stone toss. but even in the so great, you need to look at those. my job is to look now. it doesn't help at all with me. she go, she returned with a note up there lumina squared, yet, so to handle,

most of whom were shot, especially with lisa. there's openings and you took are you doing piecemeal? mm ah ah, welcome back to the m o i manila chant. so french, the colonization was completed in the mid 19 hundreds, several nations in africa seem to have their finances in strictly tied to france. predatory loans and financial mechanisms continued to prey upon african nations, subjecting them to onerous debt repayment schemes, forcing them to privatize keys, social programs and economic sectors like health care and agriculture and draining

the content of its vast resources in minerals and people. it's often referred to as depth trap diplomacy. a recent report shows that while $30000000000.00. busy reaches africa in western aid per year about 6 times that amount leaves the continent. but the i m. s. the international monetary fund and the world bank had been accused of being at the forefront of debt trap. diplomacy. both institutions famously called to account for their lending practices to the 3rd world nations by john perkins, author of the now infamous book, confessions of an economic hit man. take gonna for an example. recently in the western african nation, the government had a policy of giving subsidies to rice, farmers in the north of the country to develop their industry. but when the i m f and the world bank gave gone much needed loans,

one of the stipulations was that it would cut those subsidies using the money instead to finance the loan. and in turn, forcing gonna now to buy rice using the loans from the i, m f, and world bank partner country like the united states at a higher price. the result was the economic impoverishment of the north of ghana and waves of migration to cities in the south. in sub saharan africa, governments average around 5 to 16 percent interest rates on government bonds compared to near 0 rates in the us and europe. such high yield rates punish poor african nations by devouring a large portion of the miss discretionary income, which is already low. given that african countries find it incredibly difficult to tax most or even the majority of their populations. the result is indeed properly called a trap. its a cycle meant to keep african nations and permanent economic bondage to their

creditors in the 1st world. but africa does have some prospects, high fertility rates on the continent mean that there will be plenty of young people to drive growing and developing economies in the future. and africa, increasing political independence will allow for increased international cooperation with countries like russia, china, and brazil. now l hodge de jet t a b tim back to center is staying with us. so l hodge, let's talk a little bit about monetary policy. in the former franco africa, i've seen reports that something like 80 percent of african foreign reserves of these countries are deposited in so called operations accounts, which are controlled by the french treasury. now, by some estimates collectively around half a trillion us dollars are held by french banks and that there are caps on the amount of money the african states are actually allowed to access the official

reporting on that is really spotty at best. but there are allegations that if those african states needed more than the a lot of 15 percent of their accounts, then those france french banks can charge interest on their own capital. have you ever heard of anything like this or these reports accurate? yeah, there is a lot of read both about about the money and from when we talk about west africa must, does ex french call on a use what we call from? so this could, and it is by and so me, i don't, she cannot develop is, it depends till it's s colonizer spinal asked, can, country is west african filter, is colonized by, by that french needs to have their own could and need to have their own money. and

then to set their own, you know that on a miles, an international, a global trade market. now, following up on that, what do the locals in the south hell region say about the french controlling these foreign reserves in the south region where stuff? because there is a growing french sentiment about the use of trans silva and a lot of similar society organizations. really working in the way to raise our nest for gasoline meant to start collaborating in terms of using defense. if i could m c and then use their own currency as nigeria, they use nader in my class in synagogue even toggle. there is a lot of, you know, patrick, honest, advocating for change for those african countries to use their own currency.

so as the african union considering really creating their own joint currency, they considering there is a lot of research going on and there's a lot of stocks going on. but i'm to now we can say that is a final decision or a decision about using our, their own currency. and the west often likes to accuse african countries of being corrupt. does this obfuscate perhaps the bigger picture of the role the collective west has played in africa? well, it's really emboss. angela. it's collection is everywhere. you go in the world and as you know, most of, most of the people in the wall on j profit, bay car, up to a government system and institutional system are glass. let's good minutes is,

are you in our might say we're where you can go. there is corruption is not all the and so you feel the west pink, an unfair picture of africa. that it. yeah. they can tell when it comes across some of the caught up, some reaches i, c, k is really easy to quade. and if they, because you know, most of those african countries are fairly, very poor, landlocked adage and very poor. so need the, the, are not developed countries. so there is a lot of bravery. there is a lot of bravery, corruption in governance, and also this nuts to say that there is non bravery us in, in year or are in england are everywhere there is kind of some everywhere. but in

ashley taylor is really sad. is that combination sometimes don't even have it if i say, so population don't even have a basic social service. it is different in the u. s. when in your childhood you have mentors in, you know, if you have metals you, you are, you gonna have access to these accesses late, good hospital, late good school, like good health or cell curve. this is not the same blanket africa is france losing its ability to sort of project power on to africa or are these african government learning some lessons from the past and figuring out how to kind of get the french off their back in international relations, there is no friendship, friendship them on the states, those tests and interest. so it's really clear that they have an interest in africa. and that stench, as they used to have with the older generation of those sounds,

colonized african american countries is not the same today. because there is growing off annual regeneration, which are really indicated we understand international relations. we to the land extend international trade and which really demands channels change in terms of copper corporation change in terms of a winter when a collaboration between that colony and the taxes. and that's growing donation is the advocating for change is there and different sentiment is not against the french populations late this lunch, but it's against the financial policies, politics towards africa, the now that the, the french influence and sort of war and are, do you think the u. s. is going to step in to fill that void. yeah,

other cancers like us can grow ansley and actually the demand of this a hailey, and states. the salient, new generation of a population is not saying that when to when collaboration this, any platinum, any country was interests about africa, french girl span sticking countries must understand that, you know, good. now to change the must change par id and then the collaboration must be a went to in collaboration. and that's not just a collaboration that benefit from one country to destroy, end of the not another one of your final thoughts on the matter of africa and the various states on the continent in the way of their desire to move forward in the 21st century. towards sovereignty more prosperity. what do people need to know

about the region? just to say, never again. colonization was one of the world war war since that can ever happen in history of mankind. and today we are not of colonization. we are in and out of the show political just such as it and play cation announcements. practice must take into account. the grow in the new generation of africa was africa because the demography and where savvy pays so high . and in this new generation is ready to work with any passion on it winchell when i ship, this generation is not ready to page. this generation is 80 k chip, shannon the mos in and then can cut down countries and talk about stage l hodge digits. here,

thank you so much for this conversation. ah. so as we can see, sometimes when we say good bye, it doesn't always mean forever or in the case of france. oh wow. it really means we'll talk or feel later. that's going to do it for this week's episode of modus operandi the showed that dig deep in the foreign policy. i'm your host manila chan . thanks for tuning and we'll see you again next week to figure out the ammo a ah

by the middle of the 19th century, practically the whole of india had been under the rule of the british empire. the colonial authorities had imposed that heavy death bringing the people into poverty and were exporting natural resources. and moreover, these authorities absolutely had no consideration for the provisions of the local population, treating them like 2nd class citizens. the british were showing signs of disrespect even to those who cooperated with them. the fact of ignoring the religious beliefs of the hindus led the mutiny of this. the boys mercenary soldiers serving under the british crown. 3000000000 began on the 10th of may 1857 in the garrison town of may river, north of india. in the form of a mutiny. the rebels quickly took over daily. the heroic resistance of the indian people lasted for one and a half years. however, the forces were not equal. the colonial authorities dealt with the rebels cruelly

seen slaves. the boys were tied to the mouth of the cannon and were shot right through their bodies for the amusement of the public. this type of execution was called the devil's with the obliteration of the mutiny resulted in the death of 800000 inhabitants of india. however, the british empire never broke the free spirit of the indians and their will for resistance. what happens when you make digital gains with actual physical sport? something like digital reactors? yes. because on is preparing to host the 1st ever gains of the future. a cyber context with a physical dimension. one of the innovators, eager to study at all, is on the verge of redefining sports and gaming. he tells what's behind this synergy, and if it's the future ah,

in the 950 s b u. s. used former nazis against the soviet union. in the 21st century, they engineered a kuta, the fish, the former soviet republic, into our confrontation with moscow. will certainly if the united states and the u. k and the rest of the western world had not engaged in conflict with the ukraine and with the soviet union and a successor of the russian federation. we will not have the horrible situation we have today. i think that if the american stopped, we would be at peace and the role would be a lot better place as the economy the world function considerably better than is doing now with

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