the world of the sacrifices made every year throughout the decades and centuries by journalists. but we are but the caretakers, guardians of this memorial. on behalf of those who ultimately require no such construct really to confirm their courage and self-sacrifice, we cannot add to the laurels that these men and women have earned themselves. each stands on their own accomplishments. each has made the ultimate sacrifice as journalists. we do gather here every year to acknowledge that sacrifice and to encourage future generations to recognize that sacrifice and to remember it. it is to that duty and that task those will -- all watching around the world will pledge our continued effort. thank you for being with us.

>> coming up on the next rterhington journal," a repo talks about the supreme court's recent decision in a case involving public sector unions. after that, a look at the june jobs numbers with nicholas johnston of bloomberg news. and then patrick nolan guyer discusses the report on prosperity and opportunity in america, both today and in the past few decades. we will also take your phone calls and look for your comments on facebook and twitter,

beginning live saturday at 7:00 a.m. eastern on c-span. >> author alan huffman shares a tale of two mississippi's as we visit prospect hill in jackson. >> prospect hill was founded by a revolutionary war veteran from south carolina. when he realized that he was going to die and the slaves would end up being sold or would just become common slaves, he wrote in his will that, at the time of his daughter's death, the plantation would be sold and the money used to pave the way to migratelaves to liberia, where the free slave colony had been established. they call it repatriation. they talk about them going back to africa, but you have to understand these people, most of them, they were americans. they had been here for 3, 4, 5 generations. it wasn't like they were just

going home. they were going back to the continent that their ancestors originally inhabited. -- a risk.quite the so, they took their culture, what they knew here, there. some of them took the bad aspects, too, the slavery, but that was all they had ever known. and they built houses like this one, because, after all, they are the ones who built this house. lot -- there were a lot of greek revival houses that the slaves built in mississippi and africa. across the river was louisiana in liberia, which was settled by freed slaves from louisiana. there was a georgia, virginia, kentucky, maryland county. all those people came from those states in the u.s. >> explore the history and literary life of jackson this weekend, saturday at noon eastern on c-span two's -- c-span2's "booktv."

newext, new york city's lease commissioner, bill bratton, talks about the city's crime rate -- new york city's new police commissioner bill bratton talks about the city's crime rate. that is followed by a conversation with debbie giffords and mark kelly talking about their nonprofit -- with gabby giffords and mark kelly talking about their nonprofit organization. this was part of the annual new york ideas festival hosted by the atlantic and -- "the atl antic" and aspen institute. it is 40 minutes. [applause] >> we now have a real wind up today. we have bill bratton. gabby giffords and mark kelly. those of you who stayed all day, i feel like we ought to give you a prize or medal or sign you up for next year. toant to get out a shoutout c-span. they've been with us on both

stages all day. for those who want a second shot of this, tune into c-span. for those of you watching the lobby, these next sessions should be great. the man keeping us safe in town, bill bratton, and our editor in chief and copresident of "the atlantic," james bennett. -- bennet. the floor is yours. >> thank you for being with us, commissioner. i thought i'd open with an off repeated statistic i should repeat again. e 2,245, there wer homicides in the city of new york, which i think was the record mark. and last year, there were 333 homicides in the city of new york, though the population had grown by a million people in the meantime and there are however millions moreany visitors to the city each year.

i can remember what the social implications of that statistic were for neighborhoods in the early 1990's. the transverse -- transformation is nothing short of astonishing. you arrived to lead the transit police in 1990. while there are no doubt many factors that explain the sorts of the strategies and tactics you put in place from aggressively implementing the broken windows philosophy to pursuing data-driven methods of policing are widely credited with this transformation. so, you are the guy to ask, i think, about what is next. and i've heard you talk a lot in the last couple of years about predictive policing. i thought we might start there with what does that actually mean? >> predictive policing is the evolution we are now going through in policing. we -- the period of time we are in is called the

information-intelligence era. we are gathering as much intelligence as quickly as possible, making intelligence out of it. in policing, that was the columns that system we put in place -- the com-stat system that we put in place. it drove the crime declines that allowed us to move from 2,245 to last year the all-time low. this year we have 18 fewer murders than we had the same time last year. the good news is that crime can continue to go down. the challenge to do that is to find ways to do it. predictive policing is going to be one of those tools. the ability to, with the huge amounts of information we can gather, with the algorithms that have been developed and are being continually improved upon, we have the ability within a geographic area to say with a presume certainty in a presumed

timeframe that a crime will likely be committed there unless we prevent it, and we prevent it by putting a police officer there. cops on the dots, same thing we did in the 1990's. >> it does sound a bit like "minority report." you are not identifying the criminals in advance, you are identifying the likelihood of a crime being committed. can you give a concrete example? >> in some respects, you are identifying a criminal. algorithm takes into account who is living in that area, who has been arrested, who just got out of jail, the patterns and trends of crime that are being reported, matching up against to does that type of crime. report" -- "minority movie is the tom cruise movie of the late 1990's that looked so futuristic. now everyone with their iphone or samsung phone can do what tom cruise was doing, that seemed so futuristic as recently as 10 years ago. this is not far-fetched. this is the reality of policing.

as we go forward into the 21st century, it is going to become much more commonplace, the idea of using technology, using big data, using all of the new ways of collaborating with each other to effectively keep crime low and, most importantly, prevent it from occurring in the first place. future, can in the we as citizens expect our public spaces to feel like? there are now 6000 or 7000 cameras in the streets of new york. do you imagine more tightly surveilled public spaces, the use of drones and so forth? >> certainly, what we can expect with 7.5 million people in 1990 -- we now believe we have a one 5 million, probably more in there 5 million,- have 8. probably more in there with the tourists.

the public spaces will be more crowded. from the police perspective, one of the things we will attempt to do is to try to continually improve our ability to police those public spaces. my predecessor, commissioner kelly, post-9/11 implemented a program called domain awareness, initially around wall street, that eventually will be around the city. that is the camera system. currently 7000 cameras, private sector, police cameras, all interconnected, so that we have the ability to very closely monitor, particularly in manhattan, public space. we also have license plate scanning capabilities. in the future, it will be impossible to come into the city of new york and not had your license plate scanned in some fashion at some location where that number is being recorded. all of this is constitutionally-protected activity, if you will.

it has been deemed by the supreme court to be lawful to do it. being quite frank with you, it is one of the ways that we will keep you increasingly safe. that, in exchange for giving up some degree of privacy, we will prevent crime,, which is more important than solving it after the fact. there is not one of you that wants to be the victim of crime. every morning at my 9:00 crime briefings and my 8:30 counterterrorism briefing, technology and the data is an essential part of just about every crime i look at in that briefing in the morning. >> you have pulled back from one 's policies.ecessor you have disbanded the so-called demographics unit that was monitoring muslim communities closely, keeping files on people, listening in on conversations and restaurants on so forth -- listening in

conversations in restaurants, and so forth. do you think we lost our balance a little bit in the struggle against terrorists threats in recent years? demographic unit, i think was most commonly used. at its peak, it numbered about 15 officers. when i arrived, the unit was down to, i think, about three officers, so it had effectively been disbanded riordan my arrival. -- disbanded prior to my arrival. the remaining three officers, out of 1000, by the way -- we have over 1000 police officers in the city of new york who spend all their time on counterterrorism activities, so the removal of the last three officers from a function that had basically over the last several years basically ceased to occur, it was not going to diminish in any significant way our capabilities. and there was also, i would

function was not just to effectively try to learn more about the muslim community. theas any community that department did not have a sense of the idea of. we are incredibly -- an incredibly mixed society in new york city, 220-some population groups here. the more you know about those various communities, the better off we will be as police, the better able to develop collaborations with them. so that, if there is an issue happening in their native country that we need to be aware of, that would generate concerns here, we do need to be aware of those communities, but i don't think we need to have this particular unit to do that. we can do it through census tracking and through many other methods. >> are some of the methods of the unit still part of the practice of the rest of the force? >> certainly, we have community service officers in each of our

77 precincts. their role is to intimately understand what communities exist. their role is to go out proactively, introduce themselves, understand issues in those communities, ways th at we can protect them better. that's what i'm talking about. i've got hundreds of community service officers that are doing a lot of the same work that this entity was doing. in a much moret trust building manner. >> if i could ask you a balanced question from the other direction, do you worry -- do you think that the public, as 9/11 recedes a bit, are becoming less concerned then we should be about terrorist threats? is this --

i don't want to presume that anything keeps you up at night, but is that what does keep you up at night in this job? >> in this city, the concerns about terrorism, i don't believe, have diminished. every day in the newspapers -- on the 15th of this month, we will have the opening of the 9/11 memorial museum. in october, we will open the new world trade center. inasmuch as that's where 9/11 occurred here, it is constantly in our memory and constantly in our day-to-day lives. throughout the rest of america, there has been a significant drop off. i really had to fight in los angeles the seven years i was , to get002 to 2009 resources to build up a counterterrorism capability. even though it has been the subject of several terrorist plots, it had not experienced two airport-related incidents. nothing on the scale of new york.

even america's second-largest it had/11, the memory of faded quickly, but it certainly has not, i don't believe, fêted in this city. certainly for the new york police department, it will be part of our existence. terrorism will remain a fact of life. >> let me ask about another controversial press -- practice of stop-and-frisk, or stop, question, and frisk. you've made clear it is an essential part of policing. what is the reformed version of stop and crist -- sof stop and frisk? >> we are modifying it. frisk is aion, and constitutionally-protected activity. there are parameters within which police would have to operate. police -- you

have to police constitutionally, respectfully. the issue of stop, question, and frisk is that a police officer has to have reasonable suspicion . reasonable suspicion is less than probable cause. it has to be something he or she can articulate as to a belief that a person or persons has, is, or is about to commit a crime. they have to articulate why they feel like that. it entitles them to stop a person, question a person, and if the officer fears for his or personety or fears the they are interacting with might be a risk to the safety of the public, that they might be carrying a weapon, the officer can then frisk that person. it is a basic tool of american policing. it is not something you can function effectively without.

i felt that over the last several years in new york city thomas certainly the last city,l years -- new york certainly the last several years, that the practice had grown too large for the extent of the problem it was addressing. 600,000, 700,000 stop and frisk's documented while crime was going down dramatically. that was my belief, the mayor believe.-- the mayor's it was different from the former mayor, bloomberg, and the former commissioner. over 2012 to 2013, the numbers of stop, question, and frisk had declined dramatically from a peak of about 600,000 to 700,000 down to several hundred thousand. crime continued to go down. probably, we do anywhere from 50 to 100 stops per day, down from a peak of several thousand per day.

crime continues to go down. my belief is that we were doing too much of it. the cops that were asked to it -- do it believed they were doing too much of it. the unions that represented them believed they were doing too much of it. similar to a doctor going to treat you for cancer. he would do radiation, chemotherapy, surgery. you want to be appropriate to the extent of your disease. after you are feeling better, you don't want him to give you more radiation, more chemo, or more surgery if the disease is being dealt with appropriately. frisk -- then, and patient was getting better. crime was down dramatically. particularly in minority communities, more medicine was being applied and the patient was not feeling better about what the doctor thought was an improvement. in any event, the issue has now been defused.

we are still practicing it and we will continue to practice it. at the same time, crime is continuing to still go down. hopefully, relationships between the police and, particularly in the minority communities that still expense of much of the crime, those relationships will have the ability to be improved upon. >> are the actual tactics it's -- tactics changing? the exchange between a police officer and the person on the street? i would imagine even if the volume comes down, minority communities will -- people within those communities will still find themselves disproportionally targeted peerage challenge that premise if i have it wrong, please. if that is the case, how do you avoid having the same friction? >> you are not targeting. you act in response to the activity you witness as a police officer. the unfortunate reality is that a number of the precincts around the city -- there is more criminal type activity. that is irrefutable. you have more shootings. you have more crime.

we tend to have more police in those neighborhoods. you will have proactive policing , more stops. but the challenge is to do them constitutionally, always. you cannot break the law to enforce it. you have to have reasonable suspicion that you can articulate. you want to do it to the best of your ability respectfully. you want to do it consistently. i don't stop you and treat you differently as a white person then if i was dealing with a black person up in harlem. there has to be a consistency to the way we do it. and in all instances, you have to be able to articulate what the reasonable suspicion was. effectively, we are constantly trying to improve our training, supervision. i think that is an area we are -- that will help reduce some of the tension that existed over ine last several years some of the more severely stressed communities because of their crime problem.

>> our shot clock is down to about one minute. we've got daddy giffords and marquette -- gabby giffords and mark kelly coming out. i would love to hear your thoughts on what meaningful gun control might look like in a country where there are 350 million guns said to be in circulation. that seems to be as big or bigger an obstacle to gun control. i wonder what you think. --i think that gun control the term, it's over. we lost control. [applause] the lack ofuse of political leadership. all credit to mark and gabby for their leadership on the issue. we are trying to find new ways to deal with the issue of gun violence. one of the ways we certainly can do that is through policing. ,hose who would use guns

finding them, arresting them, working with the courts. -- idea to do it lawfully, respectfully, and in dealing with crime, particularly gun crime, the idea is that the better focused we are on those two are committing the violence, which fortunately is still a relatively number -- small number in our society, the metal eber -- the better able we are able -- to identify us, the better for all of us. the good news is we are getting better at that all the time, as reflected by, in this city -- we are still leading the country on our gun reduction incidence of violence. >> thank you very much, commissioner. [applause] >> thanks again to commissioner bill bratton. thanks for all you do. and for my boss, james bennet,

pretty good job. you know, i think that the way the james bennet and bill bratton just let their conversation, talking about the 350 million guns in the united states, is the perfect pivot point into an important discussion. for nearly 15 years, gabby gif fords has been in public service. she was the youngest woman ever elected to the arizona state senate. she represented her community in the00 to 2005 and was united states congress from 2006 to 2012. she was consistently ranked as one of the nation's most centrist members of congress. married marky kelly, who flew 39 combat missions in operation desert storm. as an astronaut, he flew his first of four missions above space shuttle endeavor, the same

shall he commended on his final flight in 2011. he is one of only two individuals who have visited the international space station on four different occasions. giffords was wounded, she and mark became known for their story of hope and resilience. we are grateful to congress woman giffords and mark kelly for joining us for a conversation with hannah rosen -- with hanna rosin. i would have one other thing to add. this is the fun element to it. i'm a fan of bono. i've interviewed him a few times. i've gone to bono's concerts. mark has deflated me. how many of you went to a bono concert? remember when he was speaking to gabby from space, and we all thought it was live? nonetheless, it was taped, but it was a magical moment. it was astounding.

hanna, the floor is yours. [applause] >> thank you. started.s before we [laughter] so, i'm going to start out with a few simple questions to get us going, get to know gabby a little bit better. i you a morning person or a night owl? >> night owl. >> cats or dogs? >> dogs. >> hughson or tucson -- houston or tucson? >> tucson is my home. >> you don't want to put down anybody, especially texas. coffee or tea?

>> sugar. tea. >> tea with what? >> sugars. two sugars. >> that's a lot of sugar. >so, from the very beginning, yu and gabby have made the stages of her recovery public -- videos in the hospital, speaking like this. why did you do it that way? >> you know, it is interesting. the gabby first got to hospital after she was injured, a friend of mine said, i want to help, i want to do something for you emma watson i do? -- for you , what can i do? i didn't really have anything to he said, are you going to record all of this, her therapy? i said, i never really thought about it. go grab a camera. it was something we never really thought about, it just happened.

they would set up the camera and turn it on. it wasn't until later, when we -- gabby did her first interview with diane sawyer and abc, did they ask was there anything out there. we had a lot of stuff. it was kind of happenstance. >> a lot of people would have said no, i think, i don't want anyone to see me like this. >> gabby had to give permission for anything that was put out there about her. as we travel around the country, we still find this, that her recovery and what she went through has been very inspirational for a lot of other people that have had their own medical issues and injuries. and so, it seemed like the right thing to do, that would motivate others in their own therapy. >> didn't you visit the boston bomber people, too? didn't you visit them in the hospital? >> yeah, but at the rehab

hospital. i think it is called spalding. we were in boston a couple days ago. this was about a year ago. we visited with a lot of these folks that are now multiple amputees. just saw what they were going through. they draw a little strength from gabby, from her own recovery. >> have you been involved in the therapy or recovery at all? >> not really. [laughter] >> just in the beginning. actually, now we are both really busy. in the beginning, i used to be a lot involved in the physical and occupational speech therapy. gabby is at the point now where it is pretty much just her and the therapist. >> what are you doing? >> all kinds of stuff. i've got a bunch of things. >> gabby, do you feel like you are going back to the old gabby

or creating a new gabby in this process? >> better, stronger, tougher, good stuff. >> the new gabby giffords. >> new gabby giffords. >> ok. and how do you maintain a positive outlook? how do you do that? >> i want to make the world a better place, yes. >> because i always see you smiling when i see you. mark, you once told a story about gabby's recovery that included a ring. it was a story about a ring. can you tell us that story? >> yeah, this ring. when gabby was in a coma in the hospital in tucson, just days after she was injured -- you know, you don't know, the doctors don't even know what amount of brain activity is going on when someone is in a coma. one of the first things we saw

where we knew that gabby giffords was still in there somewhere was, while she was know, atus, but, you some level, she was still thinking and able to pay attention, she, with her eyes closed and still kind of out of it, she pulled off my ring. the one on my finger. she pulled it off and started flipping it through the fingers of her left hand. >> while in a coma. >> so she wasn't exactly fully in a coma. that's when we figured out gabby is still in there. >> she used to do that? >> she would do that at the restaurant. >> that's amazing. and you don't remember, really, right. gabby, is it true that in the early phases of your recovery, you just said the word "chicken "? >> chicken, chicken, chicken. >> for a long period of time. >> along -- a long time.

>> have you explained why? >> we knew why even before she started saying anything. the speech therapist said with a left side traumatic brain injury she picked the word "chicken." it is much better than many other options. [laughter] could have been a lot worse. she was talking about your bravery or anything like that? [laughter] , what can he do now that you could not do two years ago? >> drive a car. >> wow. >> it was pretty amazing, i think. a few months ago, we were at formula one track in texas. the new circuit of america's. a new f1 race.

we were there on a separate day. they built the track. after we drove around a couple of times, are you ready to drive? she said she wanted to give it a try. she jumped in the passenger street -- passenger seat. trackird time around the she was going 110. [laughter] you only went off the track once. >> there were videos of you guys skydiving from after the accident. you would be amazed what gabby can do. >what is the toughest challenge now? >> i liked it all. >> the aphasia is the speech issue she has from her brain injury. for gabby, the more difficult part is the -- >> meaning finding the right

word? >> right. >> is the true that you have to relearn spanish then? >> por favor. [laughter] >> wow. that is amazing. >> once a week, gabby has a spanish instructor that comes over. i try not to be there. this woman completely abuses me. [laughter] but it is great for gabby. andused to give speeches interviews in spanish and radio ads for campaigns in spanish. >> that is why spanish. >> it is a big part of her life. >> i hear you now have a dog. >> nelson the dog. >> where did you get him? >> a prison dog.

>> he was raised by a murderer in prison. >> never a dull moment with you guys. [laughter] labelson the dog is a golden retriever mix. he was raised in a prison in massachusetts, a woman's prison. we skype with the woman after we got the dog. it was only later we found out why she was in there, which was murder. she was a murderer, but she raised a great dog. [laughter] is he a good helper dog? >> good stuff. >> he does a lot of things. >> you have gone from being together a lot. what has that been like, that transition? >> it has been great.

when bad things happen to people , sometimes it can be hard to find positive things to come out of it. it made us closer. before it was one of those commuter matters. now we get to live in the same place. that is a positive thing that came out of it. >> and being closer. gabby, can you tell us what you are working on now? >> americans responsible solution. >> it is a political action committee. they try to get our elected leaders to do something about these pretty horrific violence we have in this country. i do not think people realize. from gun death rate violence. we can do a lot better.

we have got to convince our elected officials to do take this as a serious issue and pass reasonable gun laws that most americans agree with. >> i haven't seen you shooting guns. can you tell people what your relationship with guns were before the accident and how it has changed. >> i do not think it has changed much. i have always owned a gun as an adult. i got my first gun when i finished school. both my parents were officers . gabby is from arizona and is a gun owner. we would occasionally shoot our our parents' house. it hasn't changed that much. how was it to shoot a gun

now that guns have a different meaning for you? >> not really. >> that is unusual. >> one of the interesting things is turnover oh surgeon told me that if there is any other positive thing about her injury it is that she will not suffer from post-traumatic stress. and shot in first the head. what do remember from that day? >> the toyota. >> she rembers where she parked. >> if i were to drive to target right now and park my car and come out 30 minutes later, i may not remember where my car is. a year later when we went to safeway, a year to the day, gabby remembered where she

parked after all that had happened. and she remembered one of her staff members. that is it. >> that is it. no noise. nothing else. that is lucky. now you are in a unique decision. polarized -- very what do you think is critical in bringing together those two sides? >> there is not one reason why we have the rates of gun violence that we do in this country. it is pretty complex. one of the things we need to do first is balance out the politics on the issue. building a lot of influence in washington. we have got to get that piece solved. one of the other parts of this is we try to keep that dialogue going in all parts of the country.

we need to build a community of people that one something done. >> what does reasonable gun power look like? >> for us -- we have traveled around the country. we have visited a lot of states. last seven -- last summer when 27 states in seven days. any ideas on what this looks like in places like alaska and north dakota. andr traveling around figuring this out and trying to develop what we think is sensible policy, background checks oh long way to keep guns out of the hands of criminals and the dangerously mentally ill. >> closing the loopholes. >> closing those loopholes. that is where 40% of guns are

purchased. many are purchased without a background check. .t is too easy to get a gun it is illegal for them to do that. they think they can go through the process without a background check. issues around domestic violence. >> right. i know this is important to you. >> gabby was in washington last week with members of the u.s. senate. it looks like we will get our first hearing on the issue of domestic violence and guns. leahymet with senator about that. that is an important step forward. waszine size, the day gabby injured, the shooter brought 33 rounds of magazines in each magazine. the first magazine was emptied in 15 seconds.