friend friend.

all right. all right. today we're going to pick up from the post. the post american revolution era. so we're going into the 1780s in i'm calling this the development of the republic. so we're coming out of this out of this war. this conflict. i needed you to make sure that understand why revolution

happened and not just why. but now we're with the aftermath of that conflict. so within chapter seven and eight, these are some of the themes that we need to be to deal the ideology that all men are created equal. now we know that the's some issues with that coming out of the declaration of independence, 1776oing forward. we do know that. there reolks that were excluded it from full citizenshish even before we really really get started. let me back up one. this of mob rule we talked about who finally ansrethe revolution the native aristocracy that it was thei commit admit even in declaration of independence that they were pledging their lives and their fortunes to this.

now they've got to live up to that promise that they to the to the lower classes those that actually thought and died for this because the carrot that was dangled in front of them is that they would have rights that they might not otherwise enjoy if they stayed within the empire empire. we've talked about the different types of government, whether it's the unitary federalism and confederacy. so the articles of confederation followed this. the monarchy, obviously a strong centralized government. but under the articles of confederation, they went completely the opposite direction. they did not want a strong central government for fear that it would take them right back to the government, that they just left. but problems with the

confederacy is that it was very difficult to get to the one the united states. what does that look like? they're still trying to figure that out. this is still this is still an ongoing process because they've never done this before. they've never seen what this looked like. so they tried some different things out. now, under the articles of confederation wasn't ratified until 81. but i want you to see this last bullet. no executive branch. a weak congrat regulate commerce or taxes. now, if i can'gulate taxes, that impacts me. because some of those services that would be provided for the common good of every body is not there. now, this is the federal government the state governments were able to do these things. so i've got each of the 13

states almost functioning as 35 separate entities. 13 separate countries. 13 separate republics. because coming out of the out of the revolution individuals like john adams were adamant. every state's got to have their because they were fearful of the strong centralized government. it might start off okay but somewhere along the line it could go askew. and they said that's what happened to king george. so i've got these 13 entities. but i don't have the one united states. and that's important. when we talk about what is a republic. what is what is from from your readings? how do you dea with a republic? what does that look like?

and in another slide coming, i'm g to juxtapose a republic versus a democracy, because we almost use those words interchangeably. and in many cases they can be. but there are slight differences. so within a republic, we're dealing thhe idea of citizen. here's what the nuance comes in. when we talk about republic. it's a leans towards a representative democracy democracy. so they already coming out of the revolution that this was going to be a government that had citizen participation. so what does a direct democracy look like? it says where every citizen

votes directly in its own governance. so time there's a policy that needs to be voted upon. everybody's voting for. it. why is that. cumbersome. in a country that is as spread out as they are and they're not even that spread out. but why is that cumbersome for them. everybody would be able to participate how they are meant to happening when they go outside. he's coming to you. to say that there's no capital for everybody to vote and not to mention. there's no light. everybody's so far apart. okay. so it's very difficult for every

citizen to be in congress every time there's a vote. how do we deal with that today? and one of the things that as we move forward within this republic is you have the right, a citizen to know what your elected officials are on. okay. you whenever whenever congress is in session, you the right to sit in the hall and, watch who's doing what. now, if you can't be now we have c-span. we have television we have internet. but in this day didn't have that. so they already knew that they were going towards a representative form government, which meant one person would represent a certain number. they knew that. so one of the issues as we start towards developing the one is how do we determine that

representation? now, shay'slion, daniel shays. former massachusetts. they are upset about taxes. now, why would that be problematic for thisal gove that did not have that power to begin with? this is this i the mid 1780s. they're 15 years, 20 years earlier. they the ones complainout taxes and they saw what ppened. they were able to lead a rebelled against the government. so now those alleged rebellion now in the seat of power. so they're looking at daniel and his friends and what can we do to protect that which we just created. so it was determined to send in

some troops. but shays his friends, didn't really come back to them. they went home. but we've got the leaders coming out of that second continental congress that have determined the articles of confederation and do not give us the power we think we need, because they are worried about this idea of mob rule. it's one thing to have a king on that side of the atlantic, but another thing to try to pacify all these folks who are citizens. and keep in mind who are citizens at this point, it's not women. it's slaves. it's not free blacks or, anybody else. nonwhite with. and it's not non property owners. so there's a small defined scope

of citizens that. they're dealing with now. does that necessarily constitute the native aristocracy? not necessarily. but it's a small defined group that they're worried. all right. so shay's rebellion exposed the fact that the oracle, the really is not sufficient. so. when they meet in of 1787, the goal was to amend was to fix the article of confederation. that was the goal when they set out, they got there they determined we would do better. we just start now ithe starting over. there's a couple of things they already knew. one that they nted a represen native type government. they knew that.

another thing that they knew they wand is idea ofhecks, balances. they did not want to give all powernto one individual,nto one office. they wanted to spread that thing out. all right. so they already ew that. and the articles did not give them the power, the ability to to put that in motion. so they started over now. his here's the problem. one of they were sent by their states to fix the articles of confederation not create something new. so at the end of this going have to go back and try to defend why they didn't listen to their states. preamble to the constitution. you guys know this. we the people of the united states in order form a more

perfect union establish justice insure domestic tranquility provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare. secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity. do and establish this constitution for the united states of america. the thing that i want you to see about this is it starts off with the people of the united states, not we, the people of new york. we the people of virginia or south carolina. they're trying to get to the one the one entity in struggling with that. because does that mean that if i'm in virginia, i have to lose myself in this new united states? can i maintain my culture, my character, and still be part of the united states? can you be a texan from texas? is still part of the u.s. that the issue? so this idea of, what is the

relationship between those 13 states in this new federal government? they're still trying to they're trying to reconcile that. we're still trying to reconcile some of that today. the first three articles establishes the legislature, the executive and the judicial. that's why, as my checks and balances, that's my separation of powers. they knew that. okay. the president, the executive has a responsibility of executing law. the legislature will make the laws. the supreme court, the judiciary decides those laws are constitutional.

okay, but what does that mean? i'm trying to see if the law is constitutional. what does that mean? that means that i'm trying to determine if law aligns with who we say we are. at that. things change over time. the judicial can reverse. things change over time. and that's okay because this document was written to exist from now on. and they wanted something that serve every generation going forward. they didn't want have to go through this again. establishes procedures to ratify the constitution. identifies principles of federalism. now, when see federalism. what does that mean. because that takes us back.

to this. so the monarchy is on one end. two articles of confederation are on the opposite end. now we're going to settle on something in the middle. so we have to be able to decide who's the power between the state government and the federal government. that's supposed to be 48, 52, 50, 50, 45, 55. what what does that look like? they're still to determine that. okay. never done this before. now, in terms of representation, we see this. you'll always see this in your history books. text articles. these are the types. these are the legislative that they had to deal with to representation. the largest states wanted.

what became known as the virginia plan introduced by the delegates from virginia. this is a representation should be based on population. the number of folks to represent me should be based on population. so what does that look. in the real world? wouldn't win if representation is based on population. the more people you have, the more representation have. guess what the smaller states said that he said just because we don't have enough people. so the representatives of the small states, the new jersey plan, said, no, no, no, we need we need representation. that's equal. every state gets, whatever number equal, we on.

now, here comes a compromise that says, well, okay, let's let's let's fix it this way. there. because right now this is all about compromise. and they understood that. they understood that i'm not going to get everything i want. but what's most important what's most important is that we have something a document that can serve as the foundation going forward that takes us to the one we the people of the united states. that's what's most important. some of my own little issues not so much. so we ended up with a 2 hours legislature, the upper house, senate. how many members are in the senate from each state. two. house of representatives the

lower house is based on population population 435, distributed among the states. louisiana loses population. they lose representation. arizona population. they get those same number. that they're now. not as close as far as we're going get because there some attempt at being equitable. the executive. what's his term term of office in the executive the president four year term senate. 60 year term. house of representatives.

two year term. what about the judiciary? like like. four, six, two. and like. how come everybody's not on a year schedule. why? why am i changing that? what's the goal. they're trying to protect it. the integrity. they're to protect this document. they have in their mind the best interest of country. look, there are no political parties, no nowhere in the constitution does it say anything about political parties. okay. so they are going to. change very the terms.

right now, there's a term limit on the presidency, which is what no. than two consecutive five terms. when george stepped into the white house or stepped into the executive. wouldn't the white house yet? there were no term limits. he had a four year term. they couldn't think of. some of this, too, just working it out as they go along. washington didn't really want to be that responsibility didn't want to be this president. but they said, george, you're the only one that can make this work because they're already arguing.

he said, it's okay, i'll do it. but don't get comfortable with me when we turn around 92, they said we. we need you to do another four years. he said look, this is it. he walked away from power 7096 and got it never happened before. so every president after him served consecutive terms. those that were reelected. then they just went home. except that was which roosevelt frank elected in two 1932. reelected it in 36. and then here we. into 1940 and he decides to go for a third term.

what's happening. in 1942? i got the great depression, world war two. world war two started in. 39. all right. so roosevelt is saying now's the time to shift leadership. was he right. okay, that's fine. did he was this unconstitutional. it hadn't come up yet. all right. so there were questions even in with with franklin about how much power does the executive have?

they were adamant the founding fathers were adamant that we make sure that there's this system of checks and balances. we do not want this new government. this new republic. to become a. anybody got any questions about it? no. so what about. so every president, both after washington like they were just following after him with the determination is followed in line. okay. because he set the precedent, if washington did it, to not do it, the go the office of the presidency, not about the individual. it's about service. it's about public service to my community. if i've been able been blessed to get in the education, i understand a little history, a little government, a little politics.

then i owe it to my community to serve them for a time. i'll do my time a step away. i let somebody do their time. it was never meant to be a career. okay? and we can have that debate. so what? what happened? when did it when did it change? but initially, this is about service. that's why it's called public service. okay. 3/5 compromise his is will typically say that the the the biggest debate within this meeting that became known as the constitutional was over representation and slavery. now we sit on a former plantation is where we are. so why didn't we see slavery as

more pronounced ring this cument. and understand that the 3/5 clause was still about representation. this was a means of slaves forever, as intents and purposes. why do i have to have this this compromise? this is going to be the compromise about slavery. no way did they ever talk about. we need to end this system. the south. the slaveholding south wanted to count the slaves one for one. what would that do for them politically increases their represent. they understood that the north is saying well, wait a minute, i can't let you do that. you can't even vote.

so how am i? they let you count them for represent. patience. i said, well, look at that. you know, we never sign this unless you do give me something, because in a democracy, what did the south already know. they understood compromise and they also understood that slavery could be voted out at any time as that mob rule. so they want to make sure they are protected institution of slavery, insulate it somewhat somewhat from democracy which could be counter to what we say we are. right. the electoral. the electoral college was set up

as a means of making sure. th mob rule didn't take place. because the people could vote. but ok, there's always this concern that people can be bamboozled by a charismatic individual. they understood we've got to put something in place that protects the government, the country. that's what becomes. now we can have that debate and that argument. electoral college, so unnecessary our literacy rate is probably the highest it's ever been. is the electoral college still necessary? we can have that conversation. but when they set this up. they want to make sure, yes, those people that are eligible, that are citizens can. but we also have some folks over

that are going to vote now. their vote is supposed to match the public. okay. in theory. the bill of rights. now we're moving into george washington's administrate nation. the bill rights, the first ten amendments to the constitution and the bill of were designed to define the relationship between the states and the federal government. right. define that relationship because there's nothing in the constitution that protects rights of the citizens. the people. president has to be 35 years old.

this is term is four years and and this this person over here becomes a us senator has to be this. and when this was initially set up, the senate wasn't even chosen by the people. the senate was chosen by house of representatives. what's that got to do with the people? so what's the first amendment? and i'm not going go through all of them. freedom, religion, speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. the peaceable right to petition government. what is it? that's number one. a a your own is is comer. so having your own opinion of

something either those right or wrong is just having you having to say what you have to say. just important because whether right, wrong, no one can deal you for saying what you have to say. so why would that be? number one? because, yeah, we we as people, we talk every single day. we talk, we speak. and why should i have to compile what kind of high what i need to say in case of looking around saying, oh, well, you can't say this or that. and so what happened before the revolution? how could you say that openly? no, no. remember, this is the generation that lived through the revolution so they are kind of in order those things that they thought are important. what's problem with religion. how many of the colonists left england because of right to worship how they want worship. so i'm gonna put that in the first time i want to be able to

worship. however, i want worship, i the ability to if i have a complaint against the government i want to bring that complaint up. i want to deal with that. and that becomes so so you can't put me in jail just because i don't like your policy. i have a right to say that now. my right say that cannot interfere with somebody else's right. the to do whatever it is that they're doing only interfere if it's done with action, if it's with action. okay. second amendment right. bear arms. now, at this point in time what type of weapons were they dealing with? muskets. one load in fire. i got to reload repack it with a

bayonet. it's nothing like the weapons that we have today. okay, so the question comes in. if if they they the founding fathers had any inkling of the technology that would develop, would they have would they have included that now? you know, i don't know. but what was the impetus behind the second amendment to a concern to the so to protect your. my my. myself, your family from from outside. from anything anything coming in. okay. that's another. and remember, this is defined in a relationship between. the people and the government. and what happened in lexington

and concord took a lot that. they tried to come in and they the british government the british soldiers there were coming after what they thought weapons that were stockpiled and individuals that had those weapons and when we say coming and what are you going to do with them when they can't put them in jail. i'm going to take your stuff now. was england justified doing that? i hear you have weapons. am i justified coming to get your weapons? why not? well, their situation is okay. so the. what is it? what? the job of the government to protect protect them. life, liberty. okay which is found in the of

independence. right. so that's the government's job. is to protect you. but if you've got weapons and you might not, you know, saying you're a threat to everybody else, the block why can't i come get those guns? because they're amendment right now. but now but before it was before there. but if but even now, if i put my job. no. why not? if she's not saying, then that's her problem. is it about saying she's stockpile of weapons? everybody else is in danger. what would you say to me the government if i knew she had those weapons and i did nothing and then she blew up the whole neighborhood? did that come as well? you know, i knew she had the weapons. then what you are going to say, why don't you do something about

it. but how are we making but how are you supposed to do that if it's covered under your second amendment right? how? i would say what precautions are you taking now? we know that they're taking you know, they doing background checks, stuff like that. but it's about supposedly. yeah, this is the lockdown okay. but just because i pass a background check in july right, i didn't get the christmas present. oh, look, i don't get the john mcardle present. i wanted to february now i'm angry. right now i'm coming for you because or you got else the valentine present. i want it right now man. well what i mean it's very good that i just your only woman who

is not even for them and they just going in and taking you're things that are for you so feel like if you have impure intentions behind i mean people do what they want to do. you just have make sure is at least in writing so you're on your part because i. violent. a republic predicated upon everybody doing the right thing all the time washington. i'm a walk away eight years that's the right thing to do and it's everybody has to do the right thing or else we don't this this can't. so so so. have we lost something between?

1790. and now are people trying to do right thing all the time. so so we we we embraced the idea of the one. we're one people. and it's it's all of us. we all this together. well. and now we can have that discussion that. maybe it's this row. they got their own ideas about what's going on. i got this row that that it's on ideas, and they don't talk to each other. in fact, if i you on the street, there's going to be some chairs moving. okay. all right. the rest of the bill of rights the first ten. so the first ten amendments are known as the bill of rights

defines the relationship between the people. the government and its people, defines the limits on what a government and cannot do. it cannot speed in public trial, no excessive bai or fines fines, no unrsonable searches. all searches, warrants. now, that's really tprotect your right, the police just can't come in and, say we search and everything. well, where's your where's the which suspicion is what if i don't have it? you can't then you can't come in and it has to be to the place. places to be, not know what they do. and so that's to protect people.

okay. double jeopardy. now we've fast and loose with that. if i commit a crime and let's say i get away with it, you can't give new evidence later and come and try me again, at least not in the same court court. they've gone creative. i can try you. another court, all right. but you can't. you've got one shot at me now in this country, we operate under what, you presumed innocent and innocent. proven so. it is a state's job to prove that you're guilty, you don't have to prove your innocence. i'm innocent. i'm going to sit down all day long. i don't have to defend myself. i don't have to.

you've got to prove. you've got to get the evidence that says, i did it. now, if the evidence looks good, then i might i might have something to say. but if it's if it's just, you know, kind of out there, they've got to come me okay. and are some high profile cases where we see folks where the government did not prove their case okay. all right. the federalist papers, remember i said the purpose of meeting a philadelphia. here was so many articles of confederation so here they come to taking this document back to their states and they want the states to ratify in the states and i saying what what is this we didn't we didn't your directions were not to create

another form of government we had the articles of confederation that we were comfortable. yes it needed some tweaking but you've got else now. so here come the federalist papers. the purpose of the federalist papers was to defend what they did and convinced the state to ratify it. ratify the constitution. all right. obviously did a good job. states ratified. it was throwing the bill of rights and states. okay but the federalist papers, hamilton. adams and who else. john j. all right. so they're trying to convince everybody that it was necessary it was necessary to start over and come up this new document.

now, george washington was a southerner from virginia. but. leaned towards this strong central government. so the interpretation of the constitution is where we see the beginning of this political process. two political parties we got the federalist and the anti-federalists or, the known as democratic republicans or republicans. the federalist wanted this strong central government. the democratic republicans wanted stronger state government. they were fearful that the federal government would get to too powerful. but watch some the characteristics here.

lookt that. their bullet appeal to business busisses. man manufacturing. and they opped the french revolution. so geographically whermight these folks come fm? the north business, nufacturing. these guys in the north, they trying to model this close towards this englishystem because who's still buying their product? england. so that's that's why you see them. so we're in bleeding to view the secondary attempt to impose not created be a democracy. that's the fearless party. so when we talk about the democratic republicans, jefferson, madison, now here's the thing i want you to keep in

mind. madison is considered the father, the constitution. took the notes, put all this together boom. now he comes back and, says, well. did we go too far? did we get federal government too much power? all right. so he's thomas is influencing. all right. madison like robin to jefferson is bad me okay. he might be good on his own he changed change his costume but right now they're working the working of together and they are southerners. now wow so the federalist never

said anything about ending slavery. you know, the democratic republicans are not not at all because what is their biggest product agriculture here? cotton all right. so all those things that are heavily dependent upon slave labor, this is where they're at each other, especially, you know, hamilton and and. over the interpretation of what the constitution says or does say the constitution was purposefully vague on some areas because they wanted it to be able to go forward they didn't want to be so narrow that as

something changes. they got to come back and redo. so so they but they created system where we can add on to it with the amendments. but the basic backbone of the constitution is not changed. i mentioned mental slavery. the only other thing within the constitution, they did talk about ending the slave trade. and 20 years not slavery, but the overseas trade, the middle passage. but even with that folks were still smuggling slaves in through galveston, new orleans. still making a profit from that. so we know the data shows us that the numbers of slaves increased after.

1807 18 you know we now we're dealing with slavery between states all right but nobody's ever discussing should we at least not any kind of public stage they having a little private conversations. but they're not having a public discourse. about slavery even though they talked about this being a country freedom, independence independence, but yet you own slaves how did they had they had they reconciled at this point they didn't. all right. i didn't i didn't get all the way through. anybody got any questions if you

if you do he's got them the my anybody. thank you so much. i really appreciate it. scott that as i said. all right. we're meeting in science on wednesday, um you midterm is a week wednesday bring your scantron your own pencils. let's hope we can i want to review next monday i'll take the class period maybe and we can review on monday if you have something to review. if not, yes,