good morning.

my name is amanda williams and it is my honor to lead the team here at the macarthur memorial. and i would like to extend a special welcome this morning to. congressman bobby scott to city of norfolk mayor dr. cooper, alexander philippine, consul general eric cruz, erebus philippine army attache arthur roman yost and lieutenant general john agen.

dr. cynthia romero. the chairman of the council of united filipino organizations of tidewater. max frias, vice president, the hampton roads chapter of filipino national historical society. ric hurley, the director of the virginia association of museums colonel william davis, the executive director of the general douglas macarthur. members of the general douglas macarthur foundation board and acting deputy city manager and military affairs liaison. mr. len ramirez, thank you all very much this morning for being with us. and we would also like to say that are very honored to be hosting the filipino american veterans of hampton roads, color guard and the philippine cultural center of virginia school of creative and performing arts and the philippine run dala ensemble of virginia. thank you again for being here with this morning. the macarthur memorial has a dynamic mission that unites stewardship of world heritage

with a commitment to public access and education and and that includes even the difficult parts of our shared history. so today with our partners the filipino american national historical society of hampton roads and the council of united filipino organizations of tidewater. we are here today to remember a war that has been forgotten by many, an absolutely devastating. and we're also here to reclaim it, to the preservation of this history and to ensure a place in this process to the wider community and especially to our young who are here with us today today, would not have been possible without the virginia association of museums and the role they played last year in raising awareness of the macarthur memorial copy of general emilio aguinaldo poe's 1899 declaration of independence or without the many donors who stood with us to fund the conservation of this incredible

document, we also need to thank many other individuals who also came alongside us to make today possible. please accept deepest gratitude for your. now please stand for the presentation of the colors, the national anthems of the philippines and the united states of america present the colors colors. photos are right face. right shoulder charged charged. for war marks.

marked by march. oh. left face. right hand arm.

salutes. you.

show. good career guard retire the colors. all over right shoulder.

all right. right, right. march, forward, march. you may be seated. it is now my honor to welcome norfolk mayor dr. kenneth alexander to the podium.

well, good morning. all right. okay. we can do better that. i know it's early. good morning. welcome to norfolk. i am so honored to be here. and i do want to acknowledge our congressman again sitting the front row, the hardest working member of congress, none other than robert c, bobby scott. thank you, bobby. for always here. it's truly an honor to join you today to commemorate the 125th anniversary of philippine-american. can the philippine-american war, this pivotal event in our history marked the beginning of a century long relationship between the philippines and the united states, a bond that norfolk proudly maintains, particularly through the macarthur memorials treasures,

including rare artifact being unveiled today the first philippine president, general emilio aguinaldo's, 1899 declaration of. this important document recognizes one of virginia's top endangered artifacts survive a journey to the united states and eventually fell home here in norfolk in the hands of our city's son, general douglas macarthur. the journey of this document mirrors the complex layers. the philippine and american history and general macarthur's role in the philippine liberation today, we remember general macarthur's solemn pledge to liberate the philippine islands during war two in 1944, he made good on his

promise, initiating campaigns that ultimately liberated the islands. in 1945. this marks the 79th anniversary of the philippine liberation. this important story finds, our two nations. and there is no better place to showcase it than right here in norfolk at the back, the memorial i what i just did my sincere gratitude to the macarthur foundation for its unwavering support and dedication to, preserving our history, your commitment ensures that stories of our past. continue to enlighten many future generations to come. the city of norfolk is deeply appreciate to our longstanding with the filipino and the alliance we have forged

together. i know the point of personal privilege. i would to recognize my high school friend vicky macdougall waves vicky me to go. vicky, where are you i saw somewhere vicky and i in london, who's not here but his brother lynn. we started late till a high school over 40 some years ago. landis and on the front row and and cynthia always good to be with you. the city is indebted and appreciate the partnership in relationship to the community and the alliance we have forged together so us continue to work towards a future of shared progress and enduring friendship. thank you. thank you mr.

it is now, my honor to welcome philippine consul general rivas to the podium to make remarks. everyone. morning. firstly i want to express my gratitude on behalf of ambassador jose manuel lewis and the philippine embassy in washington d.c. for to the macarthur memorial and its director, amanda for inviting us to be part of today's commemoration of the 125th anniversary of the philippine american war. it's truly honor to witness a significant moment. our shared history. also a big a big showdown to our filipino american veterans and those currently service, as well as a warm acknowledgment to

congressman scott to norfolk kenneth alexander the folks at the filipino american national history historical society of hampton roads, the council of united filipino, organized asians of tidewater, and of course the entire filipino community. who are you you. know, know that you're here for incredible support and presence here today. you all make this even more special. stepping into the macarthur back in 2020 to was quite an experience for me. it felt like stepping into a time machine prepared by none other than general douglas macarthur himself. the place steeped in philippine history, evoking a mix of emotions from nostalgia to fascination. the connection between

filipinos, americans beautifully depicted within this waltz highlights the rich and intricate histories of our nation's. but before i go further, i'd like to share a message from the philippines secretary of, national defense, the honorable gilberto sonora jr. this is his message. today we commemorate the 125th anniversary of the philippine-american war, a turning point in the course of our history. we remember this war not to celebrate a conquest or mourn a defeat, but to honor the bravery and, resilience of filipinos who fought for their motherland. we recognize our history with the united states as we continue to work together, creating connections that go beyond the best. this commemoration is an opportunity to reaffirm commitment to diplomacy,

collaboration and mutual respect among nations. as we forward. let us reflect on the lessons learned and the our two nations have made. we must always remember the fallen honored the veterans and ourselves to building a nation in which the struggles of the past paved the way for a more harmonious and corporate world. so to put things into perspective, the philippine-american war was a defining year for both nations emerging from the shadows of colonial rule and, charting our own path forward. picture yourself in the midst of the battle of manila in 1898, just four months after the pivotal battle, manila bay. there's a palpable sense of, hope and anticipation among filipino revolutionaries as american storm into intramuros

or the walled city, then the capital of philippines. yet despite the spanish colonizers retreating and racing white flag, filipinos blocked from entering the city, leading to the realization that philippine independence wasn't imminent as hope. meanwhile, over at the malolos congress, general emilio aguinaldo was elected as the president of the philippine by the start of 99. president, although boldly declared the philippines independent from united states with of the declaration plastered across manila. this declaration a symbol of our nation's aspiration since eventually found its way here to the macarthur memorial, where it will be on permanent display.

the subsequent conflict with the united states, while fraught with the realities of war, also showcased the resilience and determination of the filipino people in our quest for independence. despite the hardships, there emerged a remarkable renewal of trust and friendship between filipinos and americans, as evidenced by their shared experiences during the fall of corregidor and bataan. today, as we gather to commemorate the spirit of the moment let's celebrate the progress we've made in our relationship. let's embrace reconciliation and collaboration. acknowledged the intricate history that binds us as partners. allies. let us reaffirm our commitment to to the democracy. see peace and prosperity, drawing inspiration from the lessons of the past to build a brighter future for generations

to come. so here's to renewing our commitment to fostering a relationship built on respect. understand ending and shared aspirations together through dialog, cooperation and a steadfast dedication to our common values. we can strengthen the bonds between our nations and contribute to a more harmonious world. thank you all for being today. and here's to the next hundred and 25 years and beyond. of strong, enduring bonds between philippines and the united states. my boy. just. thank you very much, sir. we would now like to invite congressman scott, mayor alexander, colonel la reba, or consul general arribas and colonel romania's max frias and

dr. cynthia romero to the stage to unveil again all those 1899 proclamation. please. when you're ready for whatever that's about. to ring in so i've done this once or twice. so this how u.s. works and we look straight ahead here at all three. well, i have to tell you that we

continue to work. so straight ahead, no doubt, we look surprised surprised to the shaking is still parts of the straight ahead. so previously when. two three. 000 thank you very much. the. our team will now prepare the proclamation portion for display. while they do that, we will

begin several this morning and those conclude the proclamation will be on display in the great hall for everyone to see. our first presenter today, dr. brian linn. dr. lin is the ralph r thomas professor in liberal at texas a&m and the author of numerous books, including the philippine war, 1899 to 1902 and the u.s. and counterinsurgency, the philippine war, 1899 to 1902. please join me in welcoming dr. lynn. thanks very much to amanda. james zobel, jennifer for the invitation. macarthur memorial foundation

for hosting this event and for you all for showing up. as i preparing this talk, i recognized the problems inherent in compressing research. i in 1979 which is before any of you were born into about a 20 minute talk. so i'm going to apologize if i either say too little or too much, but i hope the end you'll share some of my interest and enthusiasm in the experience of the american soldier in the philippines. just like more close to my hello. is that better? even closer. all right. i'm sorry if i'm blowing you guys away. i have a very simple thesis that i'm going expound on today, which is that for about 120 years, the american soldier in

the philippines has been a victim of a gross historical misinterpretation initiated, anti-imperialist and continued by ideologues. all too many of them who bear academic credentials, college textbooks have indoctrinated people in the for generations, as in a gruesome story of a raci, utal, near genocidal american soldiery, suppressing a philippi independent its movement and wreaking havoc on defenseless civilians almost invariably, these authors assert u.s. troop behavior can be typified by a line from a song one line civilize them. the crag a reference to the crag jorgensen rifle. in many ways this is as bad stereotype as those that the veterans have endured for four or five generations now.

it's problem with this textbook version has continued, despite repudiated by scholars in both the united states and the philippines. and let us leave aside the fact that many american soldiers were not equipped with crag jorgenson rifles. or leave aside also the first reference that i've ever found to song is actually after the war in 1902. so that the soldiers at the time were not singing it or. what anyone in the audience like to be typecast for some heavy metal or country western blues ballad they screamed out when they were teenagers for the rest of their lives. let's turn to practical matters. even had not wanted to. a preponderance of evidence suggests, and by the way, that they did not. how could a force of between 26,040 6000 effective soldiers inflict chrecise of

casualties on an enemy that was conducting warfa in the jungles, in the rice paddies, in the grasslands. and we want to be brutally frank. this interpreter nation cast those who so courageously american call on those asian people such as miguel over one kiss the bill, more brothers, so forth, as little more than passive victims. and it's a derogatory to both the american soldiers and to those who resisted them. now, without in any way, criticizing my hosts i think it's useful for since i'm talking about the portrayal of american soldier to talk about how the war is portrayed. this is a wonderful painting appears on your program. unfortunately it's purely the creation of an author's artist's agination, probably from about

miles away. there was an engagement where, immaculate lines of k colored americans charged equally dressed, phie revolutionary soldiers. similarly, the draf american soldiers marching through caloocan in the 10th of february, which is six da after the war b i've often seen use as a reference property campaigns of two a aalf years lho actually was responsible. burning calos still probably just debated, but it's a sad fact of all. urban combat n fhen people get into fighting in cities, property destruction and burning occurs, it has nothing often to do with. the motives of the p involved. that photograph at the is actually true, but it was taken the february or march 1899 when american soldiers were in

large formations and as y see, posing in a trench. this is an actual picture of what campaigning in the was like. a handful sdiers proing in the boondocks, a word that actually comes out of the philippines plodding through swamp ghrass. no fancy uniforms, no horse and in fact, no enemy in sight. that's combat in the philippines. it's one of t few pictures we have passed ofheig unit battles 1899. and you can seet's a small group of soldiers somewhere on a rice paddy having taken fire, perhs a sniper taking off a single there, trying to see it was the. so immune to danger, the two of them were standing up there

trying to see what was up there and who was shooting at us. how would they know if they hit anything? though i wouldn't be surprised to find out that they did. yeah. shot at least five of them. you know, so you can get an idea. i'm so skeptical about these precise casualty figures. this will be no surprise to any person. it could apply to people served in world war two or korea or vietnam or iraq. any effort to pigeonhole the us and reduce experience to a few stereotypes such as salafism with a crack is simply ridiculous because so much of this is dependent on so many variables. when you were there, where you were there, who you were dealing with, you know, whether you're up in the top with new lives on or you're down in the fires or you're on samarra, which is a pretty different place. and and and forth, you know, it's all depending.

the other thing we have to remember is that there are three differt armies. the experience, thus soldier. depends on what army they were in. okay. the first. and the one pictured in the of the photos and the one sponsible for the of the proclamation of independence werehe us with theolunteers raised to fight against spain in 1898. they thought were gog to go liberate cuba. and i tell you, they were quite shocked. find themselves being sent across the ocean to fight a very different type of war. and they were even more to find that they were staying to fight another enemy. whether it's true or not, one of my beliefs is the reason that it was called the philippine insurrection was that most of these people were militia and there's only three reasons the militia can be deployed into federal service.

one of them is insurrection. and so this sort of legal fiction, this was an insurrection, allowed them to retain these people in uniform long after they should have been sent. this is their area of erations, which is luzon and they really vewent out of that. there's one one regiment in --. but beyond tha ts is their experience in the philippines, the manila area and central luzon. these the people that fight the major conventional battles against the army of the revolution or immediately outgun all those forces and but they are withdrawn. e next unit is one i find most interesting are the u.s. volunteers. these are troops that were raised precise for and limited to service in the philippines for two years, two tours of duty. the are the ones whose job, occupation, pacification, u.s.

colonial war. they're the ones that fight the bulk of the of the counterinsurgency caai. and i'll be talking about one of these regiments later. that's their area of operations. so when when when you speak about philippine as to people that were there in 1899 in the state volunteers talking primarily and they took all of region. but these people encounter everybody they're up in the ilocano all the way down to the moral region. and so when what filipinos did they encountered depends on where they were, you know, some were in provinces where there was enormously organized guys, very tough resistance people, laguna province, people in batangas province, people, others were in very peaceful areas where there was almost no resistance. so what experience, did they have depends the last army is

the u.s. army. now, there were u.s. army regular units deploy fm the beginning. but as any of the volunteers will tell you they stayed in ni. were the ones who did the ghng. in fact, they were deployed all over the place in much smaller grps. they did not really become the majority of the troops until june oh one. those the ones that fight those last contrary official campaigns and are usually the ones that are accused of and with good reason that sometimes of atrocities, war crimes, torture and so forth. they had a very different experience as well. the other we have to remember, is the textbook version of the american soldiers having really no other purpose beyond brutally suppressing movement for independence ignores that their mission was to impose colonial government. i always like this picture and i like the that follows. that's general elwell, otis. and for all the who are in the

military, that's his sff. that's what he's running the war on. right now we havthe crew from the 42 divisions in the pentagon. okay. so what's your talk about? you know, orders coming down from manila and central control. and this is a policy, you know, he never goes out. how would he know what people doing out? there is no way. in some it took three months for a order to arrive. the people on the front say this really doesn't fit our situation. and, you know, i obey, but i don't comply send it back. and three months later, get in manila. so as with general douglas macarthur in japan, it's important to remember that the united states army in the philippines has both military very and governing duties. it's responsible for both. he serves as governor and as military commander. and those responsibilities go down parallel all the way to lowest post commander.

this a period that to me is much more interesting and. i think the one that often gets ignored, which is sort of the count. but what later on in 2006 was rediscovered as count or insurgency. but the primary job here is imposing government. and to give you an idea that i've got a long quotation from j. franklin bell, the j. franklin was, with all apologies to frederick funston, the one or number two combat officer in the philippines, a guy who won medal of honor. and you'll anyone who's a veteran of the u.s. army will appreciate this one. from lieutenant to brigadier general in little more than two years. okay. talk about promotion for merit. but he isescribing what he is doing on a day to day basis as commander of the fifth district

departmentrthe luzon. and i think when you look at is one of its actually doesn'tad ly tk about it. this iwhat i'm having to do. okay it is a governing mission. and ink ioften sort of ishis eort.much of this now it it's it's opposed because there are people who are already there who are governing their own towns and own provinces. so this is in many ways what sparks the resistance. so there's sort of two levels of resistance. there's against aguinaldo's government, you know, by all republic. but once it disperses the war becomes much more local and in some cases it's very fragmented. i'm speaking about groups like papa sears babylon's group and -- with de dios on samar, the guardian honor in union, where

the alarms and but the most resistance movements established a parallel infrastructure if you will. there was a having local government and sometimes under the very of that american garrison with its own mayor, its own police force, its own tax collection office and so forth, parallel and often the same people having these dual responsive abilities. and it was extremely frustrating. you couldn't separate the resistance from the american east as, the people that we were supporting. and this is where you get into the role of general arthur macarthur. general macahu his father. again, that's himithis staff, too. so. i i it just in my route, cynical way. when i was asked the united states cldo better in iraq and afghanistan, i'd say, well, you know, you shou lk at the

staff because if u t all those other people out in the field. but he recognizes that that occupation policy thattis set up with government isn't working because you can't impose government if too manyeoe are either willingly or unwillingly it with armed force. so he seeks continue those governing policies but also with more repressive armed sanctions and of the measures he takes. interestingly enough, is here in the former confederacy is general orders 100 issued in 1863 which was used by union army to impose order on the former. and it's a law about how to govern under military occupation. and he established very strict sanctions. an it's ose measures that continue natiosort of civil government civic and the more

repressive measures against these ars that are still being written resistant and a very conciliati policy which allowed former guerrilla or guerrillleaders to surrender and in some cases in case of manual talked to you in one case to become immediately officials in the american government to build more brothers to in the local sealing surrender. and by the way, you're now the assistant governor, which was you, which, you know, is a it was a good policy. and i think it had some certain applications that douglas macarthur also in japan. it's, you know, the war is over. it is time to to forget those hostilities. but that means by the fall of 1901, resistance was largely confined to a few areas. and in some areas, fighting for reasons that had only tangential relations to the original reasons for fighting. okay.

so i'm going to talk very briefly. you know, i said having said that, no unit typical. i'm going to talk about an atypical unit. but this their experience this is the 33rd infantry. the u.s. volunteers and they were assigned to a local, senatorial, local sir in abra province, 1200 people to govern provinces with a population of about half a million people. all right. and these were slave civic action things, setting up schools, building of the infrastructure, reestablishing trade, building roads, setting up and so forth. these are the number of engagements they had known engagement was any time you took fire. so those troops out on the rice paddy, that constitutes an engagement. it doesn't mean battle. okay. but you can see how it goes up and down. and if i could do a breakdown and i did this, why do the research of individual company units? you'd find that a unit in one

town like camden suddenly getting a lot of resistance. but another town like in big an, had none at all. and it fluctuates back and forth. and i always said that if you could two people from the same regiment at, a bar to, you know, what are you doing? it's really peaceful. no, no training. we shot that all the time. if wanted to know if, you know, these people are really what's wrong with you. and so it was just totally different experiences. that's the number of fatalities. and again, in one case, i'm pretty sure october. that represents one engagement. and that was the only engagement that company f took in the appearance of counterinsurgency. but it was a very costly one but it also supports the thing i'm i'm to show you about combat in the philippines that it's it's scattered it's a few soldiers usually taking long range fire and seldom do you have any big battles we've seen a couple of

of pictures of artistic portrayals. what's interesting is when the soldiers if you look at the pictures of the soldiers actually took it themselves. it's a marching and it's them interacting with their people the people that they're garrisoned. okay. you have to remb, there was't lot to do. and so spent a lot of time in the mark. they learned a sort of pgin dialect called bamboo. and they they sort of that's where they had to spend their money. and so they ena lot of time interacting staring at people, you know, in the marketplace. it's stillopular, you know, and taking pictures with people, often children, thathey had sortf adopted. so this is what the soldiers of themselves is. and you can see a contrast very graphically with the picture of people in uniform charging and so forth. so these are the sort of final

thoughts. first of all, everything you read in your textbook is probably wrong, but that shouldn't surprise any of you. okay. there's no common sequence when someone says, oh this is a common typical experience. you clearly know they don't know what they're talking. but i find the term benevolent assimilation as ironic as many people in the audience did. but it is policy and whether you accept or not, this is an effort to impose colonial government by. it is not simply soldiers running amok. in other words, we get from malay and creating havoc. there is a purpose behind that ultimate. lee was successful whether it could have been done with far cost or whether it should have been done at all. not something i'm qualified to discuss. i'm just interested in how it happening and probably this is the most misunderstood conflict

that american soldiers have ever fought. though i would recognize that the vietnam will probably take exception to that. thank you very much. thank you, dr. lynn. we now hear from dr.. the third. joining us from philippines, dr. lazada is former chair of the department of history of the ateneo de manila university and former council member of, the national commission for historical. he is an expert, the philippine-american war. and please join me in welcoming dr. good morning. i am wilfred david lozada 13th of the ateneo de manila university department of history and i would like to thank the macarthur memorial for inviting me to share insights on the

filipino american war from the perspective of filipinos. i'd like to begin with a quotation it has been a splendid war, begun with. the highest motives carried with magnificent intelligence and spirit favored by that fortune loves the brave. these were the words that were confidently uttered by john hay, the american to great britain. the colonel, theodore roosevelt. the future president of the united states, who had distinguished himself during the spanish-american. but if you were a filipino who lived at the close of the 19th century, the experience was anything but splendid. america's war with spain, brief as it was, was the prelude to a confluence of events that would bring to the united states conflict with the newly minted

philippine republic. this war result in the deaths of 4200 american servicemen and anywhere between 20 to 30000 filipino combat dance. but the greatest tragedy was wrought on the civilian populace. records from the u.s. state department estimate that the civilian death toll at approximately a quarter a million, although filipino historians believe it was or even triple the estimate. the heavy loss of life on the part of filipino civilians can be attributed actions directly taken by the american army, such as the destruction of property and agricultural crops, which led to severe food shortages. population displacement, torture and the dreaded wisconsin operation. diseases that regularly appear

during times of war in the 19th and early 20th century, like malaria. typhoid, likewise cause deaths to soldiers and noncombatants. this culminated with a devastating outbreak of cholera, the final months of the war killed 5000 of manila inhabitants and, anywhere between 100 to 200000 people. throughout the archipelago, the effects of america's war against the filipinos was best captured. in an excerpt of a speech delivered by senator george four of massachusetts admonishing the so-called imperialists in the american government. he said, you have devastated provinces. you have slain uncounted thousands people. you desire the benefit you have established re concentration camps. you have made the flag in the eyes of a numerous people.

the emblem of sacrilege in christian churches and of the burning of human dwellings and, of the horror of water torture torture for most western scholars, the war, which began on february 1899, ended on july 1902, when president theodore roosevelt declared amnesty and full pardon to all individuals in the philippine archipelago who were involved in the conflict. this he did two days after the us secretary of war declared an end to the hostilities and the establishment of. a civilian government, some filipino historians, however, disagree with this symbolic politics driven unil declaration of the secession of hostilities as military conducted by filipinos were, still prevalent beyond 1902, even as far as

1913. they include mercado suffice in military actions on behalf of the republic in 1903 that the bulk brothers cebu whose attacks against the americans and cebuana elite collaborators would persist until 1906. the pollione so faustino a the resistance movement against the americans in later from 1902 to 1907. his an aggressor counterpart pope dionisio manuela or papa aecio, who was able to a spirited military campaign the island of -- until his surrender in 1907. among others others, the military campaign against muslim filipinos lasted even longer as thousand resistance to american rule would only be checked in 1913. and this was by using brutal and inhumane tactics, which included massacres of and children.

even pershing himself described in his memoirs attacks were made but seriously reduced by a number and practice that the army had already adopted. one that the muhammad ence held in abhorrence. the bodies republic buried in the same grave with a dead pig. the u.s. war department. the newly established american civilian in the philippines would refer to post july 1902 instances of armed resistance as merely acts perpetrate at that by disgruntled insurrectionists. let the rawness, bandits and other elements for filipino historians, however, contest assessment believing these examples military actions with the exception the more rewards were not only an extension of the armed resistance against the united states, albeit in a

different form. but it was also part of the same strand. the of the struggle for kalayaan or independence. that filipino revolution had launched against spain in 1896. how filipinos respond to the war with the united states. for the filipino elites their reaction to the conflict was seen in two ways. on one hand, some of the economic and landed elites and local legacy guests saw the war as an opportunity to advance their economic interests and to secure their privileged position in philippines by aligning with the americans or at the very least to be conciliatory towards them as their self-serving could also be achieved by collaborating with american military and civil government officials. they also include manila based

filipino elites, sometimes referred to as thus or favored autonomous government under an american, they would subsequently form the partido federalist in 1900, who not only came out openly for peace and acceptance of american rule, but also expressed the for the philippines to be as one of the states of the union. filipino revolutionaries both ridicule and scorn upon mists like pedro, but they know they would need that popularity. benita legarda and felipe camino often using pejorative terms like opportunists, cowards and traitors. one. it is true that some elite filipino intellectuals and other filipino land owners and men in the provinces with the americans, the principal leaders of the resistance against the

americans, men of the same type. emilio aguinaldo, for instance, was sarcastic. a landowner, antonio luna and or sally ari melber, a prominent illustrators and contemporary civil service all before they became generals in the revolutionary army. this tragic lack of unity, unity of purpose among the filipino elites, half sympathetic and the other half actively resisting the united states made it easier for america's military and civil authorities to successfully implement policies like william howard taft policy of attraction to win over the filipino popular nation. thus depriving the revolutionary army logistical and mass based support on the part of ordinary christian lowland filipinos. their response to the conflict likewise varied in luzon.

a considerable number of the participant of the military campaign against the united states were social revolutionaries. others participate that out of patron client or landlord sharecropper obligations. still others were members of millenarian groups who sought to free themselves from colonial expression and exploitation. initially from the spaniards and from the americans, though, the very notion of liberation more aligned with spiritual freedom and genuine social equality or brotherhood. instead of modern concepts, political independence. for muslim filipinos, their resistance to the americans formally began when the united states troops to holland to enforce the treaty of paris initially, there was no direct conflict as the american military commanders. so were initially assigned to administer the department of mindanao.

hello. adopted, friendly and conciliar policies with the moros that would, however, prove to be short lived as. the fragile peace was soon broken in the first quarter of 19 oh to by small scale moro attacks on american troops. these attacks were focused on american troops south of lake lanao. this prompted the american to launch several punitive to crush the centers of moral resistance. in the years that followed, several battles and campaigns were fought, including the battles of the in lanao del sur sylvania. in what about the valley? the first and second battles of the whole. and culminating with the battle of woodstock. the last major battle in the moral rebellion. there were also communities like the luminous of mindanao and deliver peoples of northern

luzon, the third nomad, which in san juan means indigenous, refers to the inhabitants of the mindanao island, who had neither been converted to nor christianity. as such, they were able to retain their animist beliefs and traditions for the nomads. in their communal violence between their and american forces became, evident when their ancestral were targeted with forced by the american military and the philippine civilian colonial government. these legitimized their grievances in fighting for the self-determination of their communities. i would like to end this brief overview by saying that unlike in other revolution movements, where there is a and purpose a clear top understanding of goals and objectives the philippine experience was much more diverse. with the capture of aguinaldo and the absence of a reliable

means of communicating and coordinate thing, the revolutionary forces scattered throughout the archipelago. filipino resistance was confined along provincial, regional and ethno linguistic lines. nonetheless, all fall under an overarching theme that, both filipinos and america. and so in wars of liberation can appreciate. the collective desire to be free from foreign dominated asia. thank you. our thanks, dr. losada. our final today is dwight sullivan a lawyer and an adjunct faculty at george washington university school. he is also the author of capturing aguinaldo the daring raid to seize the philippine president at the dawn of the american century. so much.

so. let's go back 123 years to febr901. so the second anniversary of the begi the philippine-american war. as see from the front page of the virginian-pil what the news the day was dominated by recent death of queen victoria. after more than six decades on the british throne in the united states, the president, william mckinley, the vice president elect, was theodore roosevelt. remember that, until 1937, the inauguration didn't happen until march. the flag had 45 stars. the 45th star was added five years before when utah was admitted to the union and cadet douglas macarthur was a yearling. and at west point. now let's go back to that front page of the virginian pilot. and there next to an illustration ocean of queen victoria's mausoleum, and right below an article about the boer war in in in south africa is a

spatch about the philippine-american war reporting on a skirmish in which five american soldiers were killed, four wounded and two missing in action. now this. now remember, in november of 1899, the conventional aspect of the war, the filipino american war had ended. and on that day, arthur macarthur in the field commanding the second division, sent a message back to headquarters. so this is november 23rd, 1899, and said the so-called philippine republic is destroyed, the congress is dissolved. the president of the so-called republic is a fugitive. the generals are separated without any means of conference or concerted action. the authority under which an army has was kept in the field no longer exists. the army itself, as an organization, has disappeared. but as we saw from article on

the front page of the virginian pilot, this assessment of aguinaldo and the philippine fight independence, those proved more resilient than, was anticipated at the time. and from november of 1899. recall that at point again, all those slip through a cordon. there was an american pincer movement that was closing in. it didn't on time. and again, all those slipped through. and since then since november of 1899, no american. who knew where he was? but that changed on february 9th of 1901. there was a 24th infantry detachment at remote outpost. and there seven instructors that surrendered to them along with some correspondents. and that led that outpost to send a dispatch to headquarters of the fourth district that said that surrendered and surgeons and correspondents. they carried reliably indicated that, again within poland on

with 100 armed men and the commanding general of the fourth district to receive that report was frederick funston. now frederick funston was five foot four inches tall. he was a diminished tip dynamo. he the son of a congressman. he was a university of kansas dropout and was an inveterate adventurer. he'd participated in expeditions to climatic extremes, both in death valley and in the yukon. for 17 months, he was an artillery officer with the cuban revolutionaries fighting against spain for independence. when the military buildup the spanish-american war began, he was appointed as the commanding as the commander regimental commander of the 20th kansas, and the 20th. kansas went to fill the philippines, but it arrived too late for the war with spain. but soon fight found itself fighting the americans former allies. the philippine independence

forces under emilio aguinaldo both funston and the 20 of kansas proved particularly adept at combat. in fact funston was awarded a medal of honor for bold cross river attack that turned the enemy flank during a particularly significant campaign. so funston hey, send the courier that was carrying this correspondence along that correspondence to my headquarters in san jose, drew. and so here is one of the letters that that courier was carrying. and as you can see, it's a combination of spanish and a cipher that numbers and mathematical symbols. and funston assigned the task of deciphering correspondence to lazaro segovia. segovia was a native of spain. he'd gone to the philippines to fight with spain against the philippine revolution. after that war ended, he joined philippine revolutionaries in their against the united states. but months in, he switched sides

and he joined the united. he worked for funston as both scout and an intelligence asset, and for 3 hours he labored over cipher correspondence. and then he shouted, yalla, tango. he'd broken the code. and they were able to quickly decipher the correspondence. and they. and the correspondence did indicate that aguinaldo was in pilon on up there in isabela province. and in one of these letters, this particularly important, he asked cousin general balderrama aldo to send him for hundred reinforcements. and the letter said that the that cecilio sigismund, who was his courier, would lead reinforcements back to his headquarters in poland on so. funston pondered what he'd there and the next day he met with sigismund though and he ran by various strategies to try to

aguinaldo. first he said, well, you know, the u.s. navy could go up the coast and then there could be a lightning raid and they could sees him. and 6 minutes said it will never work. their their native that live along the coast they would alert the aguinaldo in milan before any u.s. were able to get there. and then then funston said, well, what about march up through the center of luzon and, go to a pawn on that way? and he was told that wouldn't work. there was only one mountain pass and it was very closely guarded. and then funston up with a very elaborate trojan horse campaign. he said, okay, you know those expecting what if we those reinforcements with soldiers that are loyal the united states. we can have some u.s. army officers, of course, including funston, accompanying them, pretending to be army privates who had been captured in a battle. and then they would be welcomed into the enemy headquarters. and sigismund heard that.

and he said, you know, i think that might work. now, amelia aguinaldo would later claim that sigismund had been subjected to too, two administrations of the water cure in order to win his cooperation. now the water cure. wseoften by u.s. soldiers in as a means of exacting intelligence and information in the philippines. one american soldi thisin lette. now, this is the way we give them the water. a man stn ch hand andks. each foot. then put a round stick in the mouth, pour pail of wate mouth and nose. and if they don't give up, pour anoth ty swell up like toads. i'll tell you, it's a terrible torture. and sometimes that augmented by neal or putting a rifle -- into the individual's stomach so they would spit out the water and administer another dose. and sometimes it was made even more excruciating by using

saltwater. but this is all it was almost certainly not true that sigismund had been subjected to the water cure both. a private diary entry by an american author. american officer who was there, and personal correspondence written with no apparent motive to fabricate indicates that sigismund voluntarily cooperated, with the americans in this unit. so funston then went to manila and he briefed his the commanding of the depament of northern luzon lloyd weeden and the military the military governor, the philippines arthur macarthur. he briefed them on their plan. macarthur enthusiastic lee agreed to it. he left the details, his subordinates. but he insisted on one operational detail. aguinaldo must be captured alive. and so then recall that depended upon having some philippine soldiers that were loyal to the

united states participate in the operation. well, a company of mucker babies weeren play that role. the mocha babies had aligned themselves with spain during the initial phne revolution. and when the war of the united states again phippine nationalist thet bies switched their alliance to the united states company. these these men are from company the first battalion market baby scou were designated as the unit that parte in this. but they weren't told what their mission was. the unit was commanded by two american officers. this is lieutenant oliver perry morton hazard better known as happy hazard? he and his older brother russell were american. american commanding officers of this unit. so they were detailed to participate in the unit as well. funston also chose his cousin, lieutenant bert mitchell, to court the two in a be part of the campaign and the final american would be would harry newton who had earlier led an amphibious raid in cassie gora

in a town that would be to their mission. funston also chose to take along several filipinos to play the roles of the of the officers of that reinforcement unit th's segovia on on the on the far side of the of the of the picture. secondrom your left is is sigismund out in the middle is hilarious. tell placido who played the role of commanding officer he would be particularly significant in the campaign. now as you see from this topographical map, the the northeast coast, the philippines is particularly rugged and is protected from most of the of the rest of luzon by the sierra madre mountain range. so there couldn't be a march from san isidro to on. so part the part of the mission was to have the u.s. navy deliver, the expeditionary force

somewhere casa grande bay and then from there it would it would make the 60 mile march to palau, not so. admiral george remi keto detail a ship and he provided uss vicksburg at annapolis classic gunboat to be the ship that would take this expeditionary force close enough toonduct its mission. these are the officers of vicksburg. seated in the middle is commander edward ber, o was the commander, who was the captain of the ship. not pictured is the first sergeant of the marine detachment, an irish immigrant named daniel sullivan, who? my paternal grandfather. all right. so once the ship got underway, there was a mission with most of the people were on the ship, had no idea what their mission until they got underway. and then there was a mission group and the mocha babies express extreme agitation after the mission brief. they did not think the plan was work. they were convinced that those that those officers, the philippine revolutionaries

betray them. and they didn't want to go. t then their first sergeant, pedrbre,tarts who's who's there on the left of the photo. funston called him a little shriveled old man wh e heart of a lion, and he slapped his chest and i can't speak for the otrs. my ger. but as for me, i am a soldier of the united states. and then with that planning got underway. so one of the things that was required was to make the marker babies look like ins directives. and so they were issued new they were issued clothing that had been that had been seized. filipino units that were issued an assortment of mazdas and remington's. and that this is what they looked like. but after they' been transformed aboa vksburg. but once the ship got under way, nothing went right. the weather was ryough. the seas werroh. there was an epidemic. seasickness. vicksburg ran aground at one int on the eastern shore, on the east, along the eastern coast, which delayed t missn. there was a plan that they would

get native boats that would get bunkers that that the expeditionary force would transfer to at sea and then take those bunkers to. and they were able to buy three bunkers inolitical island along with a supply of rice that they would use as their food on e expedition. those are the three bunkers that they purchased. all three of them sank in rough seas. so nothing was going right. finally, uss vicksburg goes into category and bay and it drops off the the exdionary force. ten miles inside. inside the bay. and omhis point until the end of the operation, they were on their own. funston and his expeditionary force ren their own. ey had no way of communicating with the americans and they knew, rememberth were behind enemy lines, false uniforms. they knew that if they were captured, in all likelihood they would be shot as spies. so the plan had to be changed because the the they didn't have

the bunker. so first they had a 20 mile march to get to castle. when they got to the town, three important things happened. first, the truce worked. they were accepted as a native, as a philippine army unit with these five americans as p.o.w.s. the facade worked. secondly, they had this patches, correspondents tagging, although about four months before this, just in routine patrol. funston even he was a brigadier general. he liked to go out on patrols and he was a field general in a routine patrol. they'd stumbled across a general or breton or ran the condos headquarters and le cano was able to get away, but they seized some letterhead, some of his brigade and, the condo letterhead and. one of the people in funston headquarters forged, the general signature on this on the stationery. and then they wrote up a letter to aguinaldo telling him that he

had dispatched this company of reinforcements. company of reinforcements to plan on. also tell signed a letter that described this fictitious firefight in which the unit had captured five americans and they got a runner to take these up to plan on ahead of them so that there wouldn't be alarm when this unit started approaching them with these five americans included within it. so that was the second significant thing that happened. the third significant thing is they needed to replace their food supply. remember, their food supply sank with the bank, with the bunkers and they tried to gather up food, but there wasn't much rice in the area. most people in it in that area subsisted on fish and sweet potatoes. they had a hard time gathering food. and when they finally set out on their mission, it there was a preplanned time with vicksburg because remember, they were out of communication. so they had a timetable. they had be done by by march

25th, because that's when vicksburg going to pull in a plot on bay. when they set out they had insufficient. and then the first night, a lot of the food that they brought was pilfered, including a number of the chickens that they brought along with them. and so segovia to had to essentially lead the unit because funston couldn't do it because he was supposed be a p.o.w. and they had 12 pack bearers from, casa grande with them. so they needed to maintain charade as they marched that 60 mile march up the coast and so the first night, a lot of the food was and so segovia looked at the food and he said, you know, we only have enough for quarter rations for this six day march. so the were reduced to eating one quart of what they would normally eat while they were undergoing extreme physical exertion. the coast of luzon is very mountainous. they had to go up mountains slopes, down mountain slopes. they had to repeatedly cross streams that were swollen

because it was it was raining the entire time. they were. funston said that the rain what was left of their food into, a fermented soggy mess. and so this is what they faced when as they were as they were executing this mission, making this arduous arduous trip. it's only 60 miles as the philippine eagle flies between casa grande and pilon on bit because of the rough terrain. it was a 90 minute. it was a 90 mile hike. so finally finally, on the sixth day, the men are down to their final morsels of food, their exhausted. and finally, they come to a philippine army outpost that's only eight miles from poland on. and they get in their end and the routed work. remember, the correspondents had gone up, had earlier explained what was happening. and so instructions had been at that outpost to separate the p.o.w.s from the from the philippine soldiers and to send philippine reinforcements to poland on. so this resulted in the

americans being separated from the rest of the force during the final battle that would that would occur. so the next morning after after some had been sent down from poland on the expedition began, that final eight mile march. and let me mention the previous day, the day they got to the outpost, it was amelio aguinaldo's, 32nd birthday. and there was an enormous and celebration in, poland. so the next day, the expeditionary force, the maccabees, under the leadership of segovia marches the final eight miles, they get to a river, they cross the river. and the plan worked. they were welcomed as brothers arms. the maccabee scouts were were at the position of attention. and then at the crucial moment in order was given to fire and volley into the presidential guard. now remarkably only two

presidential guardsmen were killed, but the rest fled, most of them dropping weapons. there was a short gunfight in in in. you know, those headqs there that did not its headquarters building. there was a short gunfight there and segovia twice shot colonel vila, who was the chief of staff of aggie aldo. and then hilarious helpless hero, who until then had had he wasn't a great marcher. maccabees actually to carry him on that march up the coast. but at the crucial moment he's the person that physically restrained aguinaldo and said you are a prisoner of the americans. now the americans have missed battle. they by the time they the battle the battle over. but they still had to wait to days until their planned rendezvous with the uss vicksburg and they spent most of the time taking celebratory photos. pond on with a kodak camera

that that that burntitell had brought along with him. and then finally when uss vicksbur arrived when when aguinaldo boarded the ship he did so no longer as the president of the philippine republic, but as a prisoner of war. thank you.