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>> united states of scandal with jake tapper next sunday at nine on cnn >> surprise attack by hamas, by land, by air and by sea. >> october 7, 20 d2 and d3 was a day that changed the world terrorist attack by hamas a brutal surprise attack by hamas in israel >> israel who is firing back, was followed by for refik retaliation in gaza now, there are fears of a wider war and america has a target on its the iran rebels struck us own shift at the center of the fears of a wider conflict. is iran. >> it is linked to hamas >> they're >> hezbollah. to the hutus

>> all bark of its axis of resistance >> why is iran at >> the center of this conflict in so many ways >> and why? hi, this relentless hostility to american to answer those questions, we need to go back decades and try to understand why iran hates america good evening. i'm fareed zakaria iran in the united states shared deep psychic and emotional scars going back years, but none is remembered more buy americans than the hostage crisis of 1979 we watch what appeared to be an irrational, furious attack and wondered why or how anyone would act this way but to iran, taking the hostages was completely rational given the

history that led up to that moment. >> in >> november 1979, iranian students stormed the us embassy and ron turning it into a prison for american embassy staff the young revolutionary spent months in the embassies basement trying to piece together evidence of past american misdeeds >> why? >> because david's earlier that basement was where american and british spies had plotted a coup against what had long been a close ally >> you're on the us from 18, 52, 1950, had the best relations the man seen here, shaking hands with president harry truman in 1951, was iran's prime minister, mohammad mosaddegh. >> he was very adept at the theater of politics, who is a great orator. he was

incorruptible for years. >> mossadegh had >> complained about the agreement that had given the british control of iran's oil resources. >> the vast majority revenue for your own, you would go to the british government, not to the people of iran. there was probably almost 9010 but in a momentous decision, the parliament voted to nationalize the oil industry. then elected mossadegh as prime minister. one month later as soon as he nationalized the oil, the british decided that they want to overthrow him the truman administration has stopped him and said no, this has to have a diplomatic solution. so from 51 to 53 there is an effort by the us to broker a diplomatic agreement between the british and iran. >> harriman, along with us

ambassador grady center, seeks to end the oil dispute between breton and iran the agreement never materialized. >> the united states was in the early years of tensions with the soviet union, the cold war among their battles for supremacy, the two superpowers were fighting for dominance in the middle east. >> oil deposits underlying iran soil gave the soviet premier good reason for his design ions on this militarily helpless nation >> there were many different political groups inside iran at that time. and one of the most powerful was called the to their party, which was basically iran's communist party, which was heavily funded by the soviet union and so the united states worried about the possibility or more said they're siding with the to their party >> washington's russian embassy froms on lavish index. but most important gas present as the premier of iran, mohammad motor the us was determined to keep communism out and to keep iranian oil

flowing to the western world. so the british and the americans plotted to take down most adek. it was plotted in the british embassy and american embassies >> the british worked with agents of the cia. a grandson of teddy roosevelt kermit roosevelt, to under take a coup against this government >> the u.s.'s involvement in the coup is detailed and government documents that malcolm burned shared with me at the non-profit national security archive where he is deputy director and director of research. >> and >> these are >> documents that are original us government documents written at the time classified and through a variety of we means you have managed to get them either declassified or some reporter essentially got them leaked, right? that's what these documents are, right >> part three covert and overt

action. this is the coup. >> so eisenhower proves it a july 1953, prime minister of england approves one july 1953. yeah, that's amazing. >> key to the plot was convincing. shah mohammad reza pahlavi, the monarch who ruled iran, to personally take action to oust mahsa deck august 50 at midnight soldiers narcan, most adult store and deliver an letter to him dismissing him from the role of the prime minister in the morning, he goes on the radio. he says there was a coup attempt against me. >> most of the uk refused to accept his dismissal from office and fought back and on his orders, troops occupied the chinese palaces and surrounded parliament the show who was waiting to see what happens fleas, you're on immediately on august 19 the tide turns against monsanto. >> former premier musk, and x ruined house is a mute

testimony to three days, a bloody rioting culminating in a military coup. the show who had fled to rome comes home, backed by a general zahidi military strongman who engineered is returned to power after the coup succeeded. >> most of was >> convicted of treason, sentenced to prison than spent the rest of his life under house arrest as for the show, ii started consolidating power, becoming more and more of an autocrat >> he runs democratic experiment, was over throughout the decades of the shah's reign. iran kept a very good relationship with israel. >> they traded oil that kind of relationship between a muslim country and israel was, it was very important just as a bordine to america was continuing to limit soviet influence inside iran >> the united states, or worried that in countries like iran, where there was enormous

wealth disparity, it was going to empower communism because people would see this wealth disparity and say, there should be a quality. and so for that reason, the us government pushed the show to enact these different reforms. basically trying to promote more economic equality and gender equity inside iran the white revolution, as it was known, was not universally embraced in iran. one of the most vocal critics was a shia cleric. at future leader of another revolution ruhollah khomeini. >> he resented the land reform which was going to take land away from the clergy. and he in particular resented any gender equality so my knees rhetoric would help foment wider dissent that led to rioting. government forces eventually quash the riots and imprison khomeini before exiling him.

>> the >> show remained pro-western surrounding himself with an elite class that was western educated and oriented. many of his admittedly progressive reforms created friction with iran's more conservative muslim population and then there were many who are bitter about not benefiting from the white revolution reforms. what's more there was growing resentment of the chars lavish lifestyle, which was epitomized by one extravagant party in 1971 this huge celebration that honored the 2,500 years of monarchic rule of people from all over the >> world flew in and maxims and perez provided the food and they had the finest european crystal. and it wasn't many ways that celebration of the monarchy that alienated so many. >> but any discontent would be put down by the chars ever more repressive rule xi put a

journalist in iran to criticize his majesty >> he could, but i don't think that he would >> and his secret police, the slovak were brutal. hundreds, thousands of iranians were executed and disappeared yet the shaw's mistreatment of his citizens did not deter thousands of americans who enjoyed living in iran i first went to iran in 1973. there were casinos. fashion was at its height. what was a place where an american felt very comfortable, a place where an american president, jimmy carter would give this toast on new year's eve. >> there because of the great leadership. but the sharp is an island of stability and one of the more trouble areas of the world. >> before long, that illusion of stability would be shattered

in december 1978 throngs of protesters demanded the removal of the show and the return of ruhollah khomeini five weeks later. the shye and his family fled to egypt it's a day abbas milani remembers well that day i want to see what's happening in the streets. there was joy in the street. people were passing around. images of fleming then they got the real thing with khomeini's return to iran, watching khomeini step off the >> plane and he was so mob, they actually had to kind of scurry him off still. >> there was unrest. the us embassy was attacked and although this time the mob eventually left, it was a harbinger of what was to come eight months later after president jimmy carter allowed

the now exiled shah of iran to come to the us for cancer treatment the shah had kept his sickness a secret. so some suspicion began to grow that the cancer issue is excuse. >> iranians did not believe the show was ill and worried that the us would return him to power. >> i think there's a straight line that could be drawn from 1953 to 1979 the fact that the popular government of mohammad mosaddegh was it's toppled through a british and american crew created fears in 1979 that the us would try to do the same thing and admitting the shaw and to the us was the trigger for the revolutionaries to try to prevent that from happening by taking hostages coming up after the shot that was hoped

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capela universities aim changing flux format, set your own deadlines, and access coursework anytime >> people forget that the trigger for the, for the taking of the us embassy was a very specific decision that jimmy carter made in october 1979. president jimmy carter agreed to admit the show to the united states. for cancer treatments. >> the shah of iran is in a new york city hospital tonight an american government source in washington says the deposed iranian monarch is suffering in cancer and a blocked bile duct. >> but the iranians did not believe the show was sick. they had another more sinister theory. >> there was a big fear among

the revolutionaries that the united states and the shaw might try to pull another coup a coup that would involve the us placing the sharp back in power and putting an end to the revolution iranian students took over the us embassy in tehran to look for direct proof of the american plot and to demand that the us extradite the show to stand trial for what they considered were his crimes against the iranian people and if president carter does not release the show, yes, >> fight to fight nearly six months into the hostage crisis the us launched operation eagle claw, a covert mission to rescue the 52 hostages, which ended in a devastating crash. eight us service members laid dead in the persian desert a humiliation for the american

people, hopelessness for the hostages as for romania and his disciples. the failed rescue attempt was a divine victory. and further proof that the americans could not be trusted well, there the iranians had been caught completely by surprise. they capitalized on the failure of the rain. >> some of their leaders could not resist lording it over the american that's all mad ghani at me as >> while he runs religious hardliners were dead set against influence from the west. iran's moderates had been moving their country towards democracy with the support of much of the population the overwhelming sense of the day of the revolution was that this was the beginning of a democratic era >> democracy system based on islamic values and there were

>> individuals that people hoped could emerge as leaders of a democratic country. >> one such leader was a popular moderate who was appointed to be first prime minister of the provisional government, has named maddie bizarre gun and later the moderate about hasan bunny sadler that came the islamic republic's first precedent. >> the two >> were devout muslims and advocates of islamic democracy, human rights, and social justice but it did not take long for whom many in his religious hardliners to turn against this liberal vision. >> they were not going to let this provisional government turn iran into a secular democratic state >> for many use, the hostage

crisis and the showdown with the united states to isolate and sideline the new provisional government to consolidate authoritarianism and tilt the country even further against the us and it was very machiavellian about it. >> prime minister bizarre gun who was opposed to the hostage-taking recognized that the momentum was with khamenei, and he resigned shortly after the embassy was seized president bonnie sadder was impeached in june 1981 >> and i think everyone underestimated khomeini. i think people thought that he was going to be this pacifist religious leader. and once the monarchy was overthrown, and you're on, he would simply retreat to form and become a spiritual later

>> instead, it was just the beginning of khomeini's reign of terror. a government takeover. marked by repression and brutality a zero tolerance theocratic regime under the rule of a religious leader >> philosopher >> king, who would guide society and tell people how to live according to islamic values >> khamenei and his new government ruthlessly consolidated their power, targeting officials from the shas four amara administration >> revolutions eliminate the old order by putting it to the source >> it's oftentimes the individuals who for our most effective in mobilizing violence, who prevail and khomeini was that person in iran. >> and if he calls you to fight a holy war, what? can you do? >> i do eat.

>> but how would you do it? do you have the weapons? >> yes, we have khamenei created revolutionary committees to purge key figures accused of being enemies of the revolution they all wanted to eliminate all the top bureaucrats, technocrats political appointees, political activists, journalists, >> who, who were accused of being close to the monarchy >> armed citizen militias were organized, empowered to carry out summary justice a revolutionary court was established to adjudicate cases in a bogus legal system. >> the new found revolutionary government under khomeini was really in the business of retribution, not justice. >> the western press dubbed >> the notorious head of the court that hanging judge who swiftly declared individuals guilty and sentenced many to death after the purge of the monarchists, khamenei turned on the leftists and socialists there was imprisonment torture,

and public hangings, firing squads, mass executions, and forced confessions hundreds of arrests and executions. not only of mujahideen, but also marxist-leninist and maoist monarchists and members of ethnic and religious minorities iranian exiles estimate up to 30,000 people were killed during that country's period of repression. >> this created an atmosphere of terror among iranians who quickly had buyer's remorse. they started to realize that this new revolutionary government was going to be far more brutal than the government which they helped to overthrow overnight, every day, iranians lost their freedoms and were forced to conform to khomeini's radical brand of islam. >> he wanted to control all aspects of people's lives inside you're on how you can dress what you can eat, what you can drink, what music you

can listen to, what movies you can watch, whether you can go out with your boyfriend or girlfriend, same-sex relationships became a capital offense a big part of the cultural revolution in iran was the role of women under khomeini, women were relegated to a life of quote, motherly duty. >> all of a sudden, women weren't allowed to show their hair they had to cover their bodies. and that really was an obsession for the islamist in some ways, the hijab, the mandatory veiling of women became the flag of the islamic republic. the chief way to distinguish post-revolutionary iran from pre-revolutionary iran >> marriage, divorce, custody of children, and the like inheritance. they all became much more favorable to men in accordance to religious law a special police force was established to enforce islamic

laws. >> they set up these morality police. they could read people's homes to check and see if there was alcohol to check and see if there are watching contraband movies or reading contraband books. and they could essentially arrest and intimidate people that will many of these laws and their effects still exist in iran today. >> look i think if you had portrayed the reality of islamic republic today to people who were on the streets in 1979, the revolution would not have succeeded still willing to kill young women and beat young women who go to the streets showing too much hair. and even when it triggers a national uprising there's still not willing to make any meaningful political reforms the islamophobe cation of iranian society after 1979 became known as he runs cultural revolution khamenei's economic policies, which included the government

takeover of kyiv he's sectors of the economy stunted growth. and sometimes lie in the pockets of the new regimes, elite all this was too much for many in iran's middle-class and iran saw the greatest exodus of people in its modern history. up next, the ayatollah's regime was barely one year old when its very existence was threatened by a surprise attack. saddam hussein saying invades iraq, coming up >> dynamic air suspension. we'll stay favorable terrain response in the extreme meet

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>> waves of heaven, ron border clashes between iran and iraq have now rocket then the full scale war >> september 1980 iran's next extra neighbor, iraq, launches an invasion. >> it's pretty clear that the iraqis do controlled the port. and a good part of the town the brain child of its brutal dictator, saddam hussein saddam had recently become precedent of iraq and launched a merciless purge of his rivals. he hoped to become the leader of the entire arab world >> his first >> move conquer iran with its vast resources of oil. saddam

was smelling blood >> there was a triumphant and your mouth as welcome into iran today for the ayatollah khomeini the islamic republic was weak less than a year old not you in general, not navy. >> and much of its military brass had been wiped out by ayatollah khomeini, who feared a coup. >> iraqi troops push 20 miles into a rat as the iraqi sport over the border the young iranian regime faced an existential threat but eight years and hundreds of thousands of deaths later >> rage far as the eye can see martyred for khomeini and the revolution >> iran had survived >> what kind of war, has turned sharply against iran withstanding all that, saddam

and the west could throw its way. >> the ayatollah turn the conflict into a crusade for god. >> it was that at war that made iran that toward its current leaders, valuable lessons never be outgo hezbollah has been supported by iran. >> never be alone in the war iran-backed houthis i always think twice about giving up the ultimate trump card. nuclear weapons >> the iran iraq war was certainly the most formative experience that most of the iranian leadership has had. >> we think of iran as aggressive, which it has been but from the iranian perspective, they believe they are reacting to the aggression of others >> saddam hussein's forces

vastly outmatched iran and captured a major border city soon after invading the main city of shock does now seem to the full into iraq. >> but surprisingly, iraq body iran would be a pushover. >> the fledgling iranian regime held firm led by their newly formed revolutionary guard, thousands of young iranians have taken up arms against the iraqis. >> guerrilla warfare by young revolutionary volunteers with the regular army, chaotic can demoralized the iranians had to rely on this likely armed but fanatical militia. >> they use very unconventional methods, including almost like kamikaze attacks against iraq, key positions iran doesn't have enough friends to keep it supplied. >> iran was orderly, >> isolated because of fears. it will export its fanaticism back only by syria and libya among arab nations iraq is

getting everything it needs >> iraq had most arab states support as well as that of the soviet union. >> but enol said dana hussein, who's really iran standing alone against the rest of the world. and it has defined its security strategy ever since >> meanwhile, washington faced are hard quandary it had no love for saddam why did he did iran more >> so the cia >> sent an agent of baghdad with valuable intelligence beginning a years-long us relationship with saddam hussein our support of saddam hussein during their honor, our law. i think it was disgraceful >> you launched devastating missile strikes against iran cities. >> iraq is believed to be firing ten missiles for every one of iran, raining hell fire

on civilian populations >> he says he's 17 years old. his boyish face suggest otherwise. >> meanwhile, the outmatched ayatollah was sending untrained and men and boys to fight sometimes even without weapons, 25,000 iranian soldiers squared off against your rocky tanks and artillery. you hours later, only 250 iranians were alive >> this is one of the primary reasons they developed a ballistic missiles program. >> there's a long historical memory of how vulnerable iran could be at moments of weakness the latest battlefield for chemical weapons. >> then the iran experienced a nightmare >> that display of civilian victims of any poison gas attack. >> saddam's unconscionable attacks with chemical weapons thousands suffered a horrific

demise. >> this is the true face of a regime that very unfortunately the united states administration is supporting the west knew about the strikes and did little to stop them us intelligence may even have helped iraq hit its targets decision not to stand up to saddam hussein for his use of chemical weapons, i think was a very costly mistake and it helped the iranian regime to have memorial upper hand. every time they regime has done something egregious to its own people or in the region. they say, but what about saddam hussein? how come you didn't do anything about saddam hussein >> he ran also feared saddam's nuclear ambitions a fear shared by israel when it struck an iraqi reactor >> the >> shah of iran had been pursuing the bomb the islamic

revolutionaries had actually ended the program >> the deadly nerve gas had been found on gulf battlefield. >> but all of that changed in the iran, iraq war. >> we ryan decided to relaunch the cause nuclear program. >> iran is enrich uranium particles to nearly 84% and decades later, iran is frighteningly close to becoming a nuclear power intentionally produce a nuclear bomb in less than two weeks. >> if saddam hussein had been justifiably punished for the use of chemical weapons configuration might have been different. the consequences were profound fact our of the cease fire from masks comes to the call to >> prayer, special prayers for peace >> the war ended up bloody stalemate with little gain, but

1 million casualties but iran had survived. its baptism by fire. >> i had total khomeini's pledge to defeat the superpowers with the power of faith the war and its heroes are now part of its law >> in europe of fallen soldiers part everywhere in the country was about today's senior officials. >> many of them veterans of the war have applied its lessons with its arsenal of missiles. >> this is video showing a helicopter belonging to houthi rebels. >> its proxy forces >> keeping >> conflict away from iran's borders. >> iran has made astounding nuclear progress and it's most feared deterrent nearly achieved a nuclear program that

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by downloading duckduckgo on all your devices today. shipping with your first-order at super beats choose.com. >> i'm arlette saenz at the white house. >> and this is cnn mr. speaker, the president of the united states, terrorist underworld, including groups like hamas >> hezbollah, islamic jihad, yashi muhammad operates in remote jungles and deserts and hides in the centers of large cities nearly five months after 911 president george w bush went on the offensive. and his 2002 state of the union address, north korea has the regime arming with missiles and weapons of mass destruction. iran aggressively pursues these weapons and exports terror iraq continues to flan his hostility toward america and to support for terror. states like these. and their terrorist allies

constitute an axis of evil arming to threaten the peace of the world, of precedential threat branded three countries as the axis of evil and we all know what happened next >> air raid sirens blared before dawn and baghdad, the first american marines have moved in >> 2003, us forces invaded iraq, vowing to destroy its weapons of mass destruction and put an end to saddam hussein since dictatorial rule by. but it was all a historic mistake. >> it turns out we were all wrong. >> there were no weapons of mass destruction the invasion set off a firestorm of violence and vitriol stoking anti-american sentiment throughout the middle east, iran sees itself as a part part of the axis of evil so it begins to feel that it has to create a defensive policy

against a potential attack ron shifted to its axis of resistance. a forward defense policy that has been, it's protector for more than 40 years iran became a major presence in iraq arming shiite militias that viciously attacked american soldiers. when almost all us troops withdrew in 2011, those middle sasha russia's became an integral part of iraq's army. >> one of the things which the islamic republic has managed to do is to mobilize proxy forces iran was a persian shiite islamic nation facing a sea of sunni islamic arab states backed by america. so it cobbled together a coalition of allies, many of them non sunni throughout out the region. >> the best example of that was the advent of lebanese hezbollah byproduct of israel's 1982 invasion lebanon

>> the whole idea was to mobilize some shiites and create a militia so the iranian revolutionary guards created the embryo of what became his bullock, the party of god >> iran exploited the chaos during times of crisis and conflict and built an empire of proxy forces across the middle east in lebanon. >> groups like hezbollah, the crown jewel >> of iran's forward defense policy in gaza, hamas and islamic jihad largely responsible for the october 7 attack on israel in yemen, the houthis who have conducted missile strikes to disrupt shipping lanes and global trade in syria, a paramilitary group called shubi, organized by president bashar al-assad. and in iraq and syria shia

militias, they all act as a conduit and an enforcer to convey runs message to the world >> iran would recruit, train organized these militia groups who had their strategic and tactical relationship with iran will receive funding for military weaponry and they would also be integrated into a command and control structure. sure, of their posts, force >> quds force is the most elite part of iran's revolutionary guard responsible for growing they axis of resistance. that test fell on the broad shoulders of notorious quds force commander qasem soleimani, who took great offense at bush because axis of evil label here was a person who has just hated by the west. and by american officials because he has been the leader of most efforts that have involved threats to the united states a rocket attack on the

baghdad airport kills the wronged most revered military leader when the us assassinated soleimani in 2020, >> the result my depth backfired, galvanizing iran and its allies. >> it was actually, in many ways of goldmine because instead of him being killed by someone and in isis-k is being assassinated by the great satan >> a ron is not a hedger monic power. i would say is an opportunistic power. the 1982 is really invasion of lebanon created hezbollah in two towns isn't three us invasion of iraq, creating an opportunity for iran to develop a network of shia militias in iraq. 2015, south any invasion of yemen created an opportunity for iran to double down on its relations with the houthis in yemen. but has >> this proxy strategy worked for iran? i sat down with iran's president ebrahim raisi and pushed him on this subject.

or country that used to be one of the richest countries in the region. now looks backward in comparison. >> us iran seems more isolated. is it worth the price you have paid to have taken all these positions that you will have taken in the situation brought about by the americans and syria. was syria successful or america certainly series on in afghanistan, what it's worth the people of afghanistan successful, or the united states of america certainly they're able of afghanistan in iraq. iraq, he's successful or the united states of america certainly the iraq is now where in the region has america been successful? if you run has, been one who has succeeded >> and today he runs the axis of resistance, looks more menacing than ever >> up next my own thoughts on where all this goes

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>> where it leads us america's relationship with iran has been hostile and confrontational for more than four decades. no matter what happens in the world, the fall of communism, the rise and fall of jihadism somehow this relationship seems destined to stay the same. >> y. >> and could it change >> there are two >> ideas that often underpin american strategy that should be dispelled. the first is that the iranian regime will collapse and suddenly morphed into a pro-american ally as it was under the sharp. it's not that this is impossible. repressive regimes are often more fragile than they seem but premising a strategy on a hope is not a sound path forward in addition, it's worth looking at america's recent experiences with regime change in iraq, afghanistan libya, and beyond to recognize that even after the end of a bad regime, things

do not always steadily improve in fact, look at washington's relations with moscow more than three decades after that system collapsing, it has not worked out as many had wished the second idea or hope is that the us and the current government in iran can be friends. the true days iran is a very proud and nationalistic country, deeply imbued with a sense of its own historical grandeur recall that the empire that was a precursor to modern iran was one of the few forces that held its own in battle with the roman empire at different points, ancient persians ruled over much of what is now the arab world with all its current dysfunction and poverty. iran is the air the one of the great civilizations of the world which means pride and prickly in addition, the islamic revolution is anti-american in its dna the ayatollah's who run iran have constructed an ideology the permeates the

regime. and that is as much about the importance of religion as it is about the importance of resisting american. they justify their repression by declaring that they must resist the liberty in and decadent ways of the west there are of course, some strong ideas and emotions that underpin america's hostility to iran washington has viewed the fall of the shazzy run as a deep betrayal from which it has never really recovered it has always funded hard to deal with nationalism and anti-modern reactionary ideologies but ruling out regime change or friendship, is it possible to have a working relationship with iran? not one that assumes victory or conversion, or a happy marriage but rather uneasy coexistence. that proposition has been attempted only briefly and never consistently reagan took some

tentative steps in that direction, famously, trading arms for hostages, but it all exploded after 911 iran took some important steps to cooperate with washington in afghanistan in helping to set up a new government but once george w bush branded them part of the axis we will, those overtures collapsed. the most significant effort was made by barack obama and iran's then-president hassan rouhani, who both spoke of creating a new relationship. it was not friendship as iran's foreign minister, javid's arif pointed out to me, the iran nuclear deal was premised, not on trust but on mistrust each side carefully protected its interests in that document. >> but it >> did create the possibility of a working relationship and iran did adhere to the deal, moving further away from a nuclear weapons program, then it had been for decades. but donald trump blew up that deal

and that opportunity and in iran, forces opposed to the deal in any kind of rapprochement with washington gained power sideline, rouhani, and now rule with an even more brutal professor can washington it there on find common cause again, it seems unlikely that fork in the road lies far behind us the bath both countries are on is one. they are both comfortable with. despite the fact that it is filled with tensions. and misunderstandings and could even lead to war >> thank you >> for watching this special hour on iran. you can watch more fareed zakaria documentaries on max