dr. carl sagan. what's new in space, carl? >> think of a civilization on a different planet evolved under quite different circumstances

than the earth's. what is their art like, their music -- think of how we'd be able to see ourselves in a new way. there's another aspect, that is we're at a dangerous moment in history. we are in the process of inadvertently altering our climate and the exhaustion of fossil fuels. all kinds of problems which come with -- >> is it true that all television radio shows that are set up travel forever through the void? >> yep, they do. signals that are sent out including this program . look at our seven-day

forecast. for the beaches, the valleys, and the metro area, take a look at that. 70s, 80s, and -- ♪ [ siren ] >> ladies and gentlemen, please welcome our next bachelor, peter. [ applause ] >> argued that a lack of genetic diversity naturally occurring pests and the rigors of being trucked from crop to crop could all be to blame for the death of bees. ♪ >> the brazilian government decided that saving the rain forest should take a back seat to their economic development. >> the marches occurred one week after the earth day marches for science which had demanded respect for fact-based, scientific research -- the committee will come to order welcome to "the search for biosignatures in our solar system and beyond." >> do you think there's life out

there? [ laughter ] are they studying us, and what do they think about new york city? [ laughter ] >> well, let me just say that in our own mickey way galaxy there are 100 billion stars. and we now believe in our universe we have more than 100 billion galaxies. if you do the math the chance that there's a planet like earth with life is very high. >> i just want you to speculate, do you think in what time frame might we expect to find some evidence of, say, microbial life elsewhere in the universe? >> i always like to start by saying scientists never like to speculate. we always like the facts. but we always do, correct. we now finally know that exoplanets exist and are common. on the other side lies the possibility to find the true earths with signs of life. the point i want to make is this is the first time in human history we have the technological reach to cross the great threshold. with the james webb space telescope --

>> most optimistic next five to ten years? >> yes, within a decade. >> okay. ♪ ♪ >> good speed, guys. good speed. someone's telling us where to stop? >> this is the largest space telescope humanity has ever conceived of. we've never done anything this audacious in space before. we've had a thousand people working on this project right now. if it works it's going to see deeper into space than any other telescope in history. >> in is the largest mission

nonhuman spaceflight that nasa's ever done. >> it looks at areas that the hubble could never see. >> the james webb space telescope certainly is the most complex telescope anyone's ever built. >> this is a chance to measure myself against one of the hardest problems man has -- has set himself a goal to do. >> this is the huge eye in the sky, and it's going to capture very first light of the universe. >> we're going to test it, we're going to put it on a rocket, shoot it out. we don't know what we're going to find. the slightest thing that could go wrong could actually mean this mission could fail.

>> you've loved astronomy since you were a kid, right? >> yeah. i got into it as a child. my dad won a cottage in a crap game. the attraction of going down and having light pollution-free skies and seeing the summer mickey way, the satellite, and i was old enough to be around when neil armstrong set foot on the moon. >> that made a big impression on you? >> yeah. that whole space race and the fact that we stepped on another planet, that we left this earth and all that, yeah, left a huge impression on me. >> how you think the scene will be tonight? >> it's supposed to clear up later. i don't know if the transparency is going to get any better. hopefully we can see something.

you know, i think everyone's inteagued by astronomy because it's about the big questions. where did we come from. you know, how did the universe begin. are we alone? an amazing thing now is we're on the verge of really being able to answer these questions. it's an exciting time. >> looking for extraterrestrial intelligence, right? how do you go about looking? >> why do children learn how to walk? i don't know. i mean, they just do. they're driven somehow by a force inside of them that they can't identify. i don't know why i'm doing this, i just feel compelled to go forward. when i was a small child, i went with my dad on a camping trip. it was his first and last camping trip. fortunately he made it happen. i remember waking up in the middle of the night and stepping outside the tent, and i looked

up, and it was my first-ever view of a truly dark sky. and i saw so many stars. i went, "wow." i just -- i had never imagined that was possible. i cannot even count them, and they were so bright. and a little later, my father took me to a star party. and i remember looking at the moon through a telescope, and i went, "ah, wow," i couldn't believe that the moon that i had seen so many times actually had craters on it. i saw an unbelievable amount of detail. i just didn't know it existed. and at some point did i realize, i don't know how i had the foresight at a young age it i thought, i'm not going to study physics, i'm not going to be a doctor like my father wanted me, i was going to apply to graduate school for astronomy. started working on exoplanet. >> not jupiter, venus, mars -- >> something other than our sunment at the time, people

didn't think that was a good idea. people would come up to me and say, "you can talk to my adviser, he thinks exoplanets are nothing. you shouldn't be doing this. he'll tell you." professors would say, look, people are finding planets, i kind of believe them, but we'll never be able to study their atmospheres. when i was on the job market as a junior faculty, there was one transiting planet, hd 2459 b. they say, i get there's one object, i think it's a one object, one-method success. i don't know if this field's going to go anywhere. >> the webb telescope is 100 times more powerful than hubble. telescopes keep getting bicker because the bigger the better the resolution. we wouldn't have built a telescope this big unless we needed to. you need to build a telescope to

big to look at the dimmest galaxies in the universe. >> the james webb telescope is not just built by scientists to look into the univery, it's taking humanity on a journey. we're going to enter a completely new part of observational space where we've never trod before. and every time we've done this as a species we've discovered new things. >> we have just received the 18 hexagon that's make up the big mirror that collects the starlight and focuses in on the camera. gold has very unique properties in terms of reflecting infrared led. this is an infrared telescope. that's why we choose gold. >> i think people want us to build this telescope because they want to know how we got here. i want to know how we got here. >> you know, we started the james webb telescope to look at the cosmos and the early universe. but we discovered there's so much more powerful, that it can do new things. and we're seeing teams of people

led by women taking that scientific direction somewhere else. taking it to try and understand could there possibly be life out there. >> do you have an estimate for how many nights you spent up at the dome? >> my gosh, between 2,000 and 2003 we spent so many nights up here. it's quite remote. >> there's no bathroom. no internet. >> there were so many creatures along this path -- >> when i started in the late 1990s we were trying to use planets using the small telescope at the observatory. we were using this new technique. it had never been done before, and people were skeptical. the whole thing was built on a shoestring budget. but it was so compelling to work on a project that had the possibility of detecting an earthlike planet in the future.

>> i do remember this path -- >> yeah. >> the path -- >> unfortunately i don't have the key right now. >> oh. >> there's nothing in there. just some empty shelves. >> this is not the astronomer's ideal weather conditions. >> isn't this a way to understand why we had to go to space? >> to find planets, you need stare unblinkingly. so besides the fact that the sun gets in our way sometimes, we have day, the weather does, too. so no observations are going to be done tonight. >> you spent a lot of years up here looking for exoplanets. did you find any? >> we found hundreds of periodic dimmings of light, but none turned out to be bona fide planet. the analogy i'd like to use is to imagine a skyscraper 80 stories high in new york city, and you've got all of these windows, and it's nighttime. all the windows are illuminated, and one person goes to one window and lowers the blinds by about a centimeter. that's the change in brightness

we had to be able to detect. >> in the beginning, it was a lonely field. very few planets were known. months would go by, not a new planet would be discovered. nevertheless, i knew the field would explode. i'd say, look, i know there's going to be so many planets we're not going to be able to count them all. they didn't believe it. they didn't hire me. then came kepler -- >> three, two, one, zero, and liftoff of the delta 2 rocket with kepler on a search for planets like our own. >> the pressures are building -- >> the kepler space telescope monitored one small section of the sky, and it found thousands of planets. another earth is undoubtedly out there, and our own mickey way galaxy we have hundreds of billions of stars. our universe has hundreds of billions of galaxies.

to me personally, it is definitely there. >> this one -- there you are. >> there you are. >> good morning, everyone. sorry i'm late. >> hey, natalie. we have a good group in the room today. >> all right. well, the last few meetings we've had one planet candidate in each batch. >> yeah. >> we rely on a few core expert, and natalie's one of them. >> natalie was one of the leader of the kepler mission. >> kepler was so pioneering, it opened our eyes for the first time. tess is just finding objects around closer stars and smaller stars, as well. >> okay. transit -- >> how are you detecting these exoplanets? >> nowadays, the best way to find planets is by the transit technique. if this represents our star and this blue represents a planet, if you're lucky the planet will orbit such that it passes in front of a star as seen from the telescope. then the starlight drops by a tiny amount. thousands of planets have been

detected this way. they range from smaller than earth size to jupiter size. >> so eileen showed me this yesterday. >> look how long it is, too. >> we're hoping to find and identify the pool of transiting planets in the habitable zones of stars. not too hot and not too cold but just right for life. the goldilocks zone. >> one system that had two viable planet candidates that were very exciting. >> yeah. >> you want to study these candidates with the james webb space telescope. >> yes. >> actually, the question often comes up, how much time are we going to get for exoplanets. you know, if we find a rocky planet with a thin atmosphere in the habitable zone of an m star, do you have any idea how much telescope time we'll need to look at that atmosphere? >> let's kill it. >> given that our own atmosphere contains thousands of gases, we expect alien atmospheres to also contain thousands of gases. and my job is to figure out how

each one of those gases interacts with light. and some molecules use light. oxygen. we send out into space, life does, but other things do, too. some molecules only life sends out into the atmosphere. and so it's one of the reasons i'm so fond of it because although it's rare and actually quite poisonous, only life makes it on earth. and so it's an unequivocal sign of life. >> my generation, we're betting on the fact that nature delivers, that life can originate and evolve anywhere given the chance. and we're planning on finding it. there's no question. reason, or fun. daring, or thoughtful. sensitive, or strong.

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♪ at some point you build a telescope that's too big to fit in a rocket and james webb would not fit in a rocket. we had to make individual segment. it's been done on the ground once or twice, but doing it in space is a whole set of challenges. >> is it going to hold, is it going to keep alignment, will it

deploy? >> this is a worldwide telescope. it's the collective investment from the u.s. and the european space agency and the canadian space agency that all these countries are willing to make to reach the edge of the universe. >> separating from the upper stage, separating from going down two -- >> the stakes are tremendous. if you think back to " cu "curiosity," the seven minutes of terror waiting for it to get to the surface, we all held our breath a long time. waiting for the signal back from the surface. in this case we're going to hold our breaths for air couple weeks because that's how long it's going to take to get all the deployments out after launch. >> adding whatever delta v we need. >> there are over, you know, 300 or 400 different operation ts tt have to occur in space to make this telescope come to life.

a huge sun shade has to deploy. the size of a tennis court. at this point, things get critical because now everything starts to cool quickly. so now we've got to get the telescope unfolded before it gets too cold and the joints freeze up. we've got to get the instruments started. and each one of these things has to work perfectly the first time. >> hello? >> hi, how are you? >> good. >> about the james webb, what's new? what's the latest going on? >> it's very exciting. lots of things. the spacecraft structure is moving along like gangbusters. path is delivered. basically it's almost all the balls are in the air at this point. >> sometimes we hear rumors of something that's not going so well. is there anything like that that you're worried about, you personally, or is it all under control? >> there are always little problems. nothing insurmountable. >> yeah. >> thing that keeps me up at night and prevents my hair from

growing back is the problem we haven't thought of, that failure of imagination. right now we're on schedule and making flight hardware. >> well, so great to hear that because the entire science community, you know, and exoplanets is ramping up here. everybody's so excited about the james webb. i don't know if you realize how much they're counting on this. >> i'm aware that my customers are very anxious for the webb telescope to get on orbit. >> it's pressure, but it's also gratefulness that you and your team and people are working so hard to make sure every last thing works. >> okay. >> bye. >> bye-bye. >> good, huh? great conversation. he's like basically the brains behind the whole thing, and you know, sometimes i don't ask him -- almost every time i ask, well, what if something bad happens and you get hit by a bus, who's the next guy?

>> there's a couple of race series that got started in the last five years or so. my husband and i, we went on craigslist, look for a cheap car, and dralgg it home and fixt up and race it. being a system engineer for the webb telescope, i don't get to touch a lot of this hardware. so working on cars is pretty satisfying. it lets you put your hands on something. i'm not strong enough. >> those races are 14 or 15 hours long, and usually we break down before we head to 14 or 15 hours. >> the james webb, it's a very different problem. james webb has to work first time. >> if it is too far away from the earth, where we're putting the webb telescope is a place called l2. and if you think of here's the earth, here's -- here's the sun,

l2 is on the other side. a million miles away from the earth. the full moon is between us and l2. that's where james webb will be. four times the distance to the moon. >> look at that picture over there. >> oh, man, that's -- >> quick. >> that one -- >> i've got it right here. >> this a beautiful shot. >> you got it? >> 50 years ago they say we went looking for the moon, and we found the earth. >> yeah. that's true. that picture of the earth. that was really the beginning of the modern environmental movement right there.

one of my favorite little lakes. there's an eagle circling around in front of us. in grad school i asked the question what does the earth look like from very far away when you can't continent and oceans and can you tell there is life on that planet? so we looked at the moon. not too many days after new moon when you can see the thinnest crescent at sunset. you'll notice that the dark part of the moon is also visible because the earth is shining on that part of the lunar surface. so if you take a telescope and you look at that light, it's earth's light. all jumbled up together. it's the land, it's the ocean, it's the clouds, the air. and when you spread that light out and look at it, you can

plainly see the squiggly lines that this is the planet that has a definite clear oxygen line, and there's definitely carbon dioxide and methane. those signals were all tangled up together in the colors of the earth. and that was what we called the spectrum of a habitable planet. when i first heard of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, i thought that this was by far the most interesting thing to study in all of astronomy. finding out that there are other civilzations and the observable universe would be pretty much right there at the top of things you could find out. >> you're working with jill tarter in the steady institute. >> absolutely. jill was the study pioneer. the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. i met her shortly after the

movie "contact" had come out. i had never heard of jill before, didn't know there was a connection between that movie and her. >> the jodie foster character is modelled on her. >> yeah, jill is one of my longest mentors. when we started, the study was considered pretty fringy. we didn't know if there were planets beyond our solar system. and we spent a lot of time building up credibility, making a distinction between ourselves and the folks who report seeing little green men in spaceships and being abducted. i mean, people would be writing books about the study pioneers, and it would be what's a nice girl like you doing in a place like this sort of questions. it was really hard. >> do you think there is life is out there? >> you know, nathaniel, whatever i think about life beyond earth doesn't matter a bit.

for millenia we asked the priests, philosophers, whoever we thought was wise, what we should believe. we can now change that verb into the verb to explore. anything else is religion, and we're not doing religion here, we're doing science. >> what's going on with this one? >> the birds love to nest here, and they will chew on this. and they will chew through it. these dishes pick up radio frequencies. and we're listening for broadcast signals from a distant civilization. we're looking for signals that are engineered, things that mother nature can't do but we can. and presumably they can. >> we have looked a bit, and so far we haven't found anything. >> we just haven't looked far enough. that volume of search space said it equal to the volume of all of earth's oceans, and then ask yourselves how much of the

earth's oceans have we searched. and the answer is one eight-ounce glass. now, if your question was not are there extraterrestrials but are there fish in the ocean and you did that experiment and you dipped your glass in and you looked at it, well, no fish in there, i mean, that experiment could have worked. but there aren't any fish in there. i don't think that you're going to conclude there are flow fish in the ocean. you're going to go i've got to fish a whole lot more. we have a lot more searching to do.

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ultimately science is about observation because it's only observation which actually gives you the truth. as the ancients looked at the sky, it was obvious that everything went around us. we were the center of our universe. and then galileo lifted his telescope to the stars. he looks at the moon. the moon was supposed to be this perfect orb, and he sees for the first time the moon is not perfect. it has mountains, it has

craters. the most important observation, the one that was truly revolutionary is looked at jupiter. he saw four pin pricks of light, and he assumed they were stars. then he realized they were moons going around jupiter. >> everything was supposed to be going around the earth, and here was proof it wasn't. he realizes that the ancient were wrong, the church was wrong, and we're going around the sun. [ bell tolling ] ♪ >> observation over through ancient wisdom. >> this was the very first time

anybody took two lenses and lifted them to the sky and revealed the universe that nobody had ever seen before. once he'd done this -- and he wrote it in his book, he wrote down what he saw -- and suddenly ideas could flood out. galileo was locked away for ten years because the church claimed that this wasn't true. 400 years ago it started there. 400 years later we're actually taking a mirror which is 250 times roughly bigger than this, we're going to fold it up and launch it into space to give it even more sensitivity to actually see to the edge of the known universe. [ horns ] >> i think it's -- i think everybody can agree we're wasting a lot of energy here. there's a lot of people around, and we are not being as

responsible as we can with everything that we have. actually, i grew up in taiwan, in taipei, it has some of the worst pollution. it was hard to see the stars. >> with all our problems on the earth, should we really be spending so much money on a telescope? >> our reason for being, one of our reasons for being is so that we can do these good and interesting things that move us forward as a species. i think everybody wants to do something, be a part of something greater than just what they can do alone. building something like the webb ke telescope is that. what else would you want to do with your life? >> hey, john. good to see you again. >> hi. amy -- >> nice to meet you. we've never met before. sorry, i didn't mean to ignore

you. john and i have known each other for a long time. >> john's got a big presence. >> grabbed my attention when i saw him. your timing's perfect. we're just about to run a test. this has got to work like all the other majors. we have enough sensitivity with our telescope and our instruments to detect a child's night light located on the moon. i know that if you were to certainly take your radiant heat which for a human is about 80 to 100 watts and stick it on the moon, we would easily be able to detect that. >> when people think about the telescope, they think of the huge mirror, right. that's the iconic part of the telescope. this is what the astronomers care about. this is where the data comes from. >> our telescope is so sensitive that it could pick up the heat of a bumblebee if the bumblebee were as far away as the moon.

that is completely astonishing to me even knowing that that's our telescope and we built it that way. >> yes, i've heard that. in fact, i was asked about it. i'd have to sit down and do the math very carefully. i've learned one does not argue with nobel prize winners. >> i heard about this calculation. i checked it myself. i believe it's correct. >> yeah. >> if we had the moon here and the earth 250,000 miles -- we need to calculate the area -- one every second is ultimately -- 20 and 40 -- >> the bumblebee gives off how much energy? >> well, see, it gives off about 50 milliwatts of power. >> it does seem reasonable that we could see a bumblebee on the moon with our telescope. that's a bumblebee as opposed to

a yellow jacket or a hornet, but we could collect the light. should know better than to argue with our chief scientist. [ buzzing ] >> these are all worker bees which are female. there will typically be some drones in here, too, bigger males. they aren't essential to the survival of the hives. >> the males are not essentials? >> no. in the fall all the drones are going to get kicked out. they're going to be begging to stay, and the workers are going to be like, sorry, we do not have resources to feed you all winter. they're going to kick them out. and they will go freeze and die. and these girls will stay together all winter long beating their wings and making enough heat. i'm living in wisconsin because i really wanted to be closer to the natural world in my daily life in a way that an office

couldn't do for me personally. >> it reminds me of the shape of the mirrors on the james webb space telescope. >> it does. yeah. the hexagons are an efficient way of packing together a bunch of cells in one place. that is a shape you will find in nature and in mechanical engineering. i already know which of these hives isn't going to milake it through the winter. it's hard on them. there is colony collapse because of chemicals that's going on. there's a farm field right there. that's obviously not being sprayed. the bees probably love that. and they need diversity of resources. it's fascinating to see how that social structure operates, and one does kind of wonder is there another civilization of that type out there that is more collectively minded than we are? if there are other civilizations, that could be really useful information

because we're at this point where we don't know if we can survive the emergence of technology. >> when would it happen within ten years, 20, 50 years -- >> depends on how much -- ♪ >> we are one step closer to answering the age-old question are we alone in the universe. nasa announced the discovery of seven earth-sized planets around a star about 40 light years away from earth. >> this is the latest revelation in a wave of discoveries over the past 25 years of new worlds that exist in solar systems beyond our own. >> astronomers call the discovery the trapist one system. one of the researchers -- >> we've made a giant accelerated leap forward in the search for happenitiable worlds.

>> these planets are among the best of all the planets we know to follow up with the james webb space telescope. the discovery gives us a hint that finding a second earth is not just a matter of if but when. i brought in ensure max protein, with thirty grams of protein. those who tried me felt more energy in just two weeks! (sighs wearily) here i'll take that! (excited yell) woo-hoo! ensure max protein. with thirty grams of protein, one gram of sugar, and nutrients to support immune health. there's a different way to treat hiv.

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wow, trappist one is all over the news. look at it. nothing else comes close. and look at the test predictions. even the simulated sample doesn't reach down there. i mean, trappist i think -- unless we get extraordinarily lucky, trappist is going to remain this singular system, completely unique. >> trappist is just so cool, especially if some of those planets could have water features. >> uh-huh. all right. we'll pick this up later. >> okay. >> you can leave that. >> it's nice that my daughter is actually involved with this. so i do feel like i'm passing something on. >> i am designing the obj obser program we're going to use with the james webb telescope to observe trappist. >> that's one of the planets? >> yes. the trappist star is much redder, and only half the temperature of our own sun.

b and c are probably far too hot to be able to sustain surface liquid water. the habitable zone come is also sometimes called the goldilocks zone is right about here. and e really sits right in this region where surface liquid water could potentially exist, which is what we think we need for life. i can actually show you this in a travel poster. and so here -- here you can actually see what you would be seeing if you were sitting on the surface of trappist 1e. >> how do you mean a travel poster? what is this? >> so this is an artist's drerning of trappist 1e. it says voted best hab zone vacation within 12 par secs of earth. >> below it does it destroy it?

>> it says trappist 1e offers a view looming like larger and smaller versions of our own moon. >> you're part of a team, right, that's doing this? >> right. right, right. when james webb is launching, we will be able to measure the atmospheric composition of some of these planets. >> so tell me how did you come to study exoplanets? >> when i was really little, probably 8 or 9, my mom had me -- me and all my siblings draw pictures of astronauts. and i was so frauproud to show and she goes, that's awesome, why did you draw a white man? you know, and my mom is a female scientist, my dad is a latin scientist. and i had drawn this -- this white man, and i was -- i was so shocked. and i think moving forward i was always conscious about that. and instead of being some -- being something that kind of discouraged me, i think that that kind of empowered me. >> we all have the same desires and wants, and generally science

and nasa missions brings those things to the table. unfortunately in the facetime community it hasn't been as diverse as is should be. one of the things with exoplanets, it's newer. generally the newer science attract more diverse teams. yes, that really excites me. and we're scientist s and engineers. certainly we follow the data. all of the data supports -- supports that. that teams are far more successful and better when they're more diverse. so i always say now apes the time, and i think now's the time. >> nothing, okay. let's get started. any questions, guys? >> four more to go. >> we don't want the telescope portion of the webb telescope to see any of the sun because we're trying to keep it very, very cold. in order to detect heat

signature, infrared signature, it obviously needs to be very cold or all it's going to measure is just itself. >> minus j mid, mts full deployment, layer one. >> in space, really the only thing that will heat you up is the electronics that you've got, and the really bright source which is the sun. that's the purpose of the sun shield. the sun shield keeps the telescope from getting all that sunlight so to stays cold. >> nice and slow, guys. nice and slow. >> it was particularly challenging the fact that we have to fold it up and deploy it once we get on orbit. >> stop. >> hold that. >> what happened? >> just lost a cable. >> talked to john about that? >> yeah. i'm going to get him. we'll come back and look at layer five. >> yeah. let's do this. brian, are you ready? >> ready. >> are you ready? >> we don't have the --

>> layer one's about 212 degrees fahrenheit. and layer five on the cold side's running about minus 400 degrees fahrenheit. so it's approximately a million spf. >> i'll tell you what, you've got one, you're not going to come close. >> if you look at just about -- >> that's what i need somebody to explain, how that's going to be okay on flight. i've always set my sights on big goals. i'm a very competitive person by nature. i don't like to lose. i like to prove myself equal to any challenge. >> america's first attempt to launch a satellite -- >> i was a little boy. my father told stories. >> checked out by scientist -- >> he worked on vanguard, and it blew up on national television. just blew up twice.

give me one more. here you go. done. done, done, done, done. by the time i'm done i will have been on the program 12.5 years, and it will come down to that short period of time between launch and when we complete deployment about here. it's not unlike training for a meet. i would train for months for what literally was a few seconds of activity. we're all very well aware that we have to get this right the first time, the only time, because a repair man doesn't make a house call. we don't get that second chance. it's a one strike and you're out business.

>> sometimes i put music on, business. >> sometimes they put music on, like '80s music, typically, and let my mind wander to what's out there. >> it's your favorite music? >> i just kind of like the '80s, what about you. >> it's my era too. >> my kids know 80s songs, lots of kids do. apparently the '80s, the beat is still very popular. >> yeah, that's interesting. >> where does the drive come from? >> the drive is really the end goal, which is finding another earth, the true earth, but that's the drive, right, but the joy is in the every day. >> and if we could find another earth, what do you think that would mean for us?

>> it's a tough one. what do i think it would mean? i feel like i have to ask you and everyone else what it would mean? it would mean that we're not alone. it would mean that we're not the center of the universe, and it would really expand our horizons as to what's out there and who might be out there as well as who we are. >> who we are, yeah. ♪ my songs know what you did in the dark ♪ ♪ so light 'em up, up, up light 'em up, up, up ♪ ♪ light 'em up, up, up ♪ ♪ i'm on fire ♪ ♪ so light 'em up, up, up light 'em up, up, up ♪ ♪ light 'em up, up, up ♪ ♪ i'm on fire ♪ ♪ oh-oh-oh-oh-oh, oh-oh-oh-oohohh ♪ ♪ in the dark, dark ♪ new cheetos boneless wings.

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7:35 p.m. and the reservation is now closed. please gather your belongings and return to the main exit. have a great evening. >> what's that? >> so this access here has a point to polaris. >> polaris is the north star. >> yep, north star. >> now, the cameras, so this is a one shot color. >> what do you think about, you

know, finding another earth and all this stuff? >> i understand the drive. i understand the curiosity and the journey of discovery, and the importance of discovery. and that will change things if we do find another world that has biosignatures or evidence of life on it. but we have life here. and we have love here, and everything that matters to us really that's important to us is right here on this earth, and, you know, that's what's important, you know, to me. >> you actually found the love of your life through astronomy, at an astronomy meeting. >> our eyes met at the wine and cheese reception before her talk, and i was just wondering who this person was, and i didn't know she was the keynote speaker, and then the next day she gave another talk just before lunch, and after that i decided which was probably the most important decision i made in my life was to be healthy and get a soup and a salad, and i

walked into the line, there's a bit of a line, and she turned around and i asked her would you like to join me for lunch, and she said yes, and we got a table off to the side by ourselves, and, you know, five minutes into that conversation, i knew my life was going to change. i knew something was going to happen. >> don't let me interrupt you from continuing the telescope. >> okay. let's get back to this thing. and we'll see what we can -- >> i don't really know why anyone wants to know why there's life out there. i guess because we're kind of a lonely species. i think loneliness is a human condition. everyone's sort of trapped in their own head, and we try with

our lives in various ways to be not lonely. we find friends, partners, mates, family, we have children. we're trying to find life elsewhere because we have a need and a desire to communicate and to connect in any way possible. >> okay, bryan. ready. okay. we'll try this again. >> layer 5 on 3, 2, 1. 10 inches of travel, 20 inches of travel, 30 inches of travel. 65 inches of travel. 80 inches of travel. 190 inches of travel.

197, 198, fully deployed. >> wow. >> looks good, huh. >> i want to go see. >> hundreds of years of work, i don't think it's possible to overstate how exciting this is. it's another step just like completing the back plain, and completing the mirrors. and i have a hard time concentrating when i take them off to dinner tonight. >> how is that? wow. >> wow, it looks good. >> it looks fantastic. >> all right, imagine you are the telescope. looking out on the universe, looking out on the stars. >> it's dark and cold out there where this is.

imagine yourself frozen. >> i have some company out there in orbit. it's all by itself. we see life on another planet, we have to motivate to go say hello. they're there, we're here. >> just animals. everything in this whole museum is basically animals. even the tiny ones, but this is just a tiny fraction of

biodiversity. this kind of come pplexity does happen easily. >> how did it happen? did it happen here? some people think life started on the land, i think it started at the bottom of the ocean, in hydro thermal vents. the one that people know is a dynamic system, black smoke, they are amazing because nobody expected to see so much life down there. weird forms of life. giant tube worms that don't have a mouth of anus. >> a worm that has neither mouth nor anus, how does it eat? >> it doesn't eat. it basically uses the bacteria that grow inside it to provide it with organic molecules. there's another kind of language i personally think is the answer, i like to think of it as gossip cathedrals, beautiful architecture in the rock. they're actually formed by a much more gentle process. water will percolate down beneath the ocean floor, and there's a particular type of

mineral. you find it as dust throughout intercellar space, this is a common mineral, and the thing is it will react with water, bubbling hydrogen gas out, and that's basically the environment giving rise to life. >> do you think that there's life out there beyond the earth? >> i think we hope that there's going to be lots of amazing complex life out there, kind of semihuman in a way that it interacts with us. and i think we're likely to be quite disappoint about that. maybe we should be interacting with life on our own planet in a more meaningful way. >> how can you push a planet in one direction or the other and still have it capable of sustaining life? during graduate school, i would walk from the astronomy department to family human housing, and we were studying, and my head was full of images

of mercury, mars, venus, even the moon, all of these lifeless worlds and so walking from the department, you come up a knoll, and you all of a sudden emerge from the redwood forests that open up on to this big meadow, but you're up high, so you see it as this very thin veneer of life stretched out before you. it looked like i could just reach out and wipe it away with a sponge, you know, like cleaning the kitchen counter, and i just had that feeling that the difference between the living world and the lifeless world was small. tiny difference, like an accident, you know. >> it's been a rough spring start but we had a lot of heavy snow in february, it was like every other day it would snow

about 10 to 12 inches and the disaster are getting worse, and they're getting stronger, there's so many people who are like this is how it is. >> you mean climate change deniers. >> there's more fires, there's many earthquakes, they're happening more frequently. there's more tornados. it's like a couple of blocks away there's big trees that are down, roots up. >> and there's another cell coming that it looks just as bad as last night's. >> it's bad. >> and there it is. >> there's another storm coming. >> yeah, another one. >> we're battening up the hatches. >> hi, i'm just leaving the farmers market. could you look at the radar and plan what to do with the bees. >> we're on the blue dot, and it's moving in our direction. it looks pretty bad. >> proved that the whole environmental movement is a power grab. the global warmists are a cult. >> thanks for being open amidst the storms here. so this is beautiful. >> we can put it together for

you. >> it's been a while since i've been shooting. i really miss it sf. >> you used to shoot a lot before. >> i have been writing proposals to the federal government to fund space missions and looking for life on other planets. >> have you found it yet? >> no, but we're getting ever closer. >> do you believe there's life out there. >> i feel like how can it not be, this one planet is so full of it, it's hard to imagine that that could happen here so richly, and then every else in the whole universe is just a sterile rock. surely life arises when the conditions are right. >> that's an interesting topic. yeah. i started listening to some podcasts. i know it's very controversial but i was listening to one with alex jones, and some of the stuff he talks about, it was like really really interesting. if there is other life forms, you know, not just human or

aliens or could be planets or anything, just something else out there besides our earth. >> san francisco is the main project site, literally have an alien base, and they are literally communicating and they've got like astronaut level people taking super hard core levels of drugs, and going into meetings, and making intergalactic deals. >> you didn't actually think you were the only inhabitant planet in the universe. >> i'm from sedi, search for extraterrestrial intelligence. >> so if the aliens get here, are they going to wipe us out? >> i think if they can get here, that means that their technology is significantly in advance of ours, so they're older than we are. and how did they get to be old, because they outgrew all of the

aggression that was probably part of their evolution to become intelligent. we show many different indications that we won't make it, that we will, in fact, do ourselves in before we become an old technological civilization, so if they can get here, i'm more inclined to talk with them rather than worry about them eating me for breakfast. >> i was sent last night a link to an old johnny carson show from the late 70s. >> director of the laboratory for planetary study, would you welcome dr. carl sagan. >> this is just about reaching the travo system. >> you're flipping through extraterrestrial intelligence, how do you go about looking. >> if you're advanced civilization, and you wish to communicate, you talk slow and

simple, and. >> and obviously we would be the backward civilization because we do not have that capability. people are going to ask you, what is the value? >> we are at a very dangerous moment in human history. we are in the process of inadvertently altering our climate, and all kinds of problems, which come with technology. we are not certain that we will be able to survive this period of what i like to call technological adolescence, but were we to receive a message from somewhere else, it would show that it's possible to survive this kind of period. >> wouldn't that be something. in other words, somebody has solved a particular problem we are still wrestling with. it's good to know problems can be solved. very useful. >> are we going to find them in your lifetime? >> i don't know how long i'm going to live. i know we're going to try and look. >> we keep trying. >> we do keep trying.

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the james webb telescope will reach its mission but we have to go through the engineering and checkouts to make sure that is indeed a fact. eventually we'll go all the way through the panama canal where the europeans have their launch site, and they're providing the rocket and the telescope will go up from there, a million miles out into space and get ready to work. >> this is where we're going to test the telescope and its detectors in a space like environment.

chamber a was originally built for the apollo program to test the command module with the astronauts in it. we're here building on the legacy that the country built in the '60s. >> ladies and gentlemen. >> james webb was the administrator early on in nasa's life, during the early stages of apollo program, working with kennedy to establish that program to get up to landing on the moon. it was the commitment with the science that he had. now, we still have a bunch of environmental testings that we have to do, acoustics testing. because we want to make sure it survives the rocket launch, the most violent environment that we see. >> we bring it in here, the sun shield and its stowed cocoon state. we subject this to the sound

noise of the rocket. because when the rocket launches, it doesn't just vibrate, it also hits you with sound waves. and it pushes on you with pressure. we need to prove that our vehicle will survive that. so we hit this thing, what's called protoflight acoustic test levels and run it across a frequency spectrum. we found a screw and a nut. we had a few dozen that actually separated. this th in this test, because there's a thousand of these little screws. there's probably a lot of people on high floors of buildings waiting to hear that webb has made it today. we're at one of the more humbling points, in a career when you know you have to tell

people that test wasn't successful. >> the subcommittee on space will now come to order. today's hearing will focus on the serious issues associated with the james webb space telescope. >> when we integrated the spacecraft element and did testing, we made all kinds of discoveries that were unfortunate and not just unfortunate, problematic. >> although i have heard testimony how important it is, i understand that, it's very frustrating to me and other taxpayers that this is so much of a cost overrun. >> every screw has to have its quality tested. i can tell you, this is about the biggest screw job i've ever seen, and it's the taxpayers that are getting screwed here. >> we want to make these mistakes here on earth because that mistake, if it was in space, it would be too late. it can't be fixed

. >> once we install it, it's there for the rest of the mission. so we got to get it right the first time. >> and then it gets ready to go. >> it's still got a lot more testing. that assembly can withstand launch. >> now, all i have to do is live to see it go. >> you got to make it until your grandchildren get out of college, and that will happen after we launch. >> that' s true. >> what do you think about when

you contemplate our cousins and our ancestors? >> mortality. >> well, as a species. >> well, i mean, it's more and more clear that looking at these skulls that there have been numerous human species, and they have all gone extinct, apart from us, usually because of this, usually after interbreeding with us. do you feel some guilt when you look into those eye sockets? i do. why? because we know about this history, there's some guilt in human history and the way that we've dealt with other human see expertise, our own history dealing, different racial history and so on. we need to learn. how do we bring the best side out in our own societies. you know, we're within touching distance of at least finding

out: and the idea that we might find life is an exciting one. though what do we expect to see out there if it's not nothing, the overwhelming likelihood is it's bacteria, and if we see somehow that we've got way beyond bacteria to a large complex life, that means this. it means microscopic life. it means tiny animals, it's a wealth of life, and yet somehow i think most people would be disappointed if all they found was microscopic sludge. >> would you be disappointed? >> no, i think i would be astonished to find that, to find anything more than bacteria, i would be astonished. perhaps part of the point of looking out will for life is to realize just how valuable the life is that we have here.

>> physically, evolution made us, biology made us, but the things of biology were created in stars, the water, the carbon, the nitrogen, the oxygen, all of that was created in stars. people will say, well, if there are ten to the 22 stars out there, there must be more life than just us. however, it turns out the number of coincidences would have to occur for a life to emerge is also a very large number. we have to have a star like our sun that lives at least 10 billion years old. it has to be in exactly the right part of the galaxy to start with. we might need to have a moon. we might need to have geothermal because we need a magnetic field to protect us, and evolution had to happen, and then you keep on going, well, you know, the dinosaurs evolved around for 100, 200 million years, they didn't evolve into anything, and then came and wiped them out,

and small, warm-blooded animals evolved to us, but that was an accident. how many accidents need to happen for intelligence life to form. we don't know because we only have us, the one example. it might only be one part that life emerged, so we could actually be alone. >> you know, i had all of these accomplishments, i became a professor, and then i got married, i had the perfect husband, the perfect kids, and the perfect house. i had everything. and i had such a great life, and then my husband got sick, and he died. and so after that, what do you do? what do you do next? like you can't return to your every day existence and just like, cook dinner, which i never did, and still don't. another thing you can relate to, i just can't explain it but the every day things you do, they're

just meaningless. i went to my book club, and the women were complaining about their husbands, who's going to pick up the kid, i'm like give me a break. i just couldn't live with normal people anymore. i realized that whatever i was going to do next would be impactful. why waste time. out of all my accomplishments in life, helping my husband have a death, like a perfect death was probably like my biggest one: it was really sad when he -- it's sort of funny but sad i told him before he died his death would have meaning and that, you know, i'm trying to describe it in a way that will be funny but it's too hard. just give me a second because i really want to tell you, it was like, mike, you know your death has meaning, i'm going to do big things because i realize the

things that matter, and he just, it was funny because he could barely talk, if you know anyone who's dying, they're not able to communicate, and he looks at me and goes sarah, you would have done it anyway, and that was one of our last conversations. it's not that i have to find the earth and name it after him. it's more of the search for meaning, and how to live a meaningful life and do something that actually makes a difference. that's his legacy. i have to have meaning, i have to do something that has some importance as seen by myself because otherwise i have nothing. does that make sense?

>> can i just be really blunt with you? >> sure. >> while i understand there's a longer story arc to this, this very complicated and very expensive mission that has been delayed yet again. i can shoot bulls eyes all day, and as soon as somebody comes along and says you're doing well, it's over. i won't hit a thing. at some point, the only thing that can save you is somebody high level in the administration who just says we're devoting the resources and congress would have to back that up. if you're going to do something, just do it right. >> see, that's good. >> yeah, so that's more accurate and precise. >> we only have not only just one precious planet, it's this

time, the specific time of now where we have to live. >> what are you taste something what are you tasting? are you tasting something? >> it's taking the salt off my fingers right now. i hope, you know, for the sake of all of us, i hope that j.w. just gets off the ground, flies and does well at everything that it does, and performs all of its objectives. -it ran... late. -oh got lost. the lexus rx built for modern families. ♪ ♪

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hey. >> hello, it sounds like we should look at trappist 1e, and look at the planet detail.

>> this is our observation plan, you mean. >> yeah, it's going to be a really good test of the telescope itself. >> i would be really interested to understand, you know, if they are locked, like the moon, what that means for having a permanent day and a permanent night side! there would be some people who would constantly be living in daylight and then other people who would be constantly living in darkness. >> right. >> the best place to be on these planets would probably be perpetual twilight, right around the edge and what that would be like because living in the arctic, living through perpetual twilight it's a strange experience. >> do we know what the temperature differences would be? >> as long as there's air. they have substantial atmospheres. >> my favorite thing about trappist, if you're on the as far as surface of one of the pla planets. >> bigger than the moon. >> never a question of is the

earth the center of the universe. it's crazy to think that trappist being 39 light years away, they can hear what we are doing on the radio and television 39 years ago. the first years of reagan, madonna, what do you think they would think about us? do you think they would think whistl we're going in the right direction? >> interesting question. i like that one. >> so if they're monitoring our culture, they're also monitoring like any sort of atmospheric signals as well, right, so they're probably watching our carbon die ookoxide emissions i of this, and probably thinking, what are they doing down there.

♪ >> we cannot say this loudly enough, or clearly enough, or often enough, all countries can still change the course of this pandemic. get up, get down, keep that garbage in the ground. get up, get down, keep that garbage in the ground. >> if we destroy this planet, there's no other planet to go to. we only have one planet. >> i want to have kids, i want my kids to climb the mountains, enjoy nature.

>> we're going to ruin it like we're ruining this one. >> this is an emergency. our house is on fire. we deserve a safe future. and we demand a safe future. is that really too much to ask. >> hello. nice to meet you. >> nice to meet you. it's a pleasure to have you here. >> thank you so much.

>> this is the place that he was under. >> under house arrest for starting a revolution that people didn't want started. >> they were afraid of it. >> they were afraid of what he saw. they were afraid of the fact that he used observation to up turn ancient wisdoms. >> it isn't just that we're trying to do amazing things with telescopes, look for other planets, i mean, our generation, my children are facing real challenges on this planet. how do we tackle these global problems, which actually will affect our own survival as a species? it's going to take a collective endeavor with a type of groups putting together around the james webb, these are collaborative groups, people who want to work together. it gives me hope that we can change the way we operate in the world, change the way we do

science. using data to say look what is happ happening, and not just going back and saying i don't want to hear or i don't want to see. well, you know, they said to galileo, i don't want to hear, i don't want to see. and yes, they sequestered him here for the last ten years of his life, but here we are, 400 years later and we all know about galileo, and we have to look up in our history books to remember who the pope cwas who actually put him away. we remember galileo. carl sagan said it best, it's going to take a century to get to the stars as a species, and it's going to have to be a better version of ourselves to actually get that far on this planet. and minerals, now introducing ensure complete! with 30 grams of protein.

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good morning, and welcome to the second day of the hearing entitled james webb telescope program breach and its implications. >> we have had a lot of discussion about cost and the cost matters, but i will tell you taxpayers and all of us are way more concerned about value than coast cost at the end of

the day. >> james webb should continue its extraordinary potential in maintaining u.s. leadership in astronomy and astro physics, let's finish this incredibly important project. >> inspiring projects are an investment in our future. we must not lose sight of the importance of bringing the james webb space telescope to a successful outcome. >> hi. >> see ya. >> have a good day. >> so this is like the biggest day of your career in a way, isn't it? >> it's pretty big. been working seven years towards this day, so yeah. yeah. this is going to be now the jails webb observatory.

before, you know, it was like this piece or that piece, but now it's actually all together one piece. you can see the way it's going to look when it's operating, so yeah, it's kind of a big deal. everyone is really excited, the entire team is kind of vibrating a little. ready. >> i'm not allowed to follow you. this is good-bye, i guess. good luck. >> see you in a bit. >> dennis, i can't get in. thank you. see y'all. >> you know, amy's worked with me since she join the company, and i've wanted her taking over alignments because it requires attention to detail, and people

skills and innate genius that's necessary to do it and today is the culmination as we see the system go together. it's got to go together precisely, and it's got to end up where it's supposed to be, and that's the job to which she has been devoted for these last seven years. every piece of hardware 500-odd pieces of ground support have a story, have a team that's been devoted. when i mean an active, collective genius, i mean it. >> many people have spent a big chunk of their careers developing this system, done a tremendous job, and they're ready to go, and i'm ready to go. it's just in our dna to explore, so as far as we send satellites out, i think we should be willing to send humans out, we have to learn how to do it. takes putting our minds and heads together around a common goal, and i think we can do

anything. and human space flight is always pretty special. webb is certainly in the same category as human someplace flight in my mind. this is my capstone, the web is my capstone. >> you know, i'm moving, so cleaning out my garage, i found this old binder paper that's from high school. and the theme was the american frontier. you have to remember this was the '80s, so the backdrop of this was the space shuttle program, and so i titled this speech, "would you go." the year is 2010, america has just begun the settlement of a new state, but where is this state? on a distant planet where only a few have ventured before. >> and it's called "would you

go?" with a question mark and everything. >> so would you? >> my current adult thinking is that as important as exploration is, love is probably even more so. >> what about you natasha, would you go. >> i don't know. i think i would have to take my posey, all the people i love with me. it wouldn't be a thing i would do alone. i would have to take my crew, you know. >> what about you, ellie, would you go? >> it's a good question. i waffle on it all the time. going to mars, you know, it's tempting. but still by this nature and the way we have it here on earth. >> for whatever reason, there's this thing, i don't know if this is true or not. if you meet someone within two

years of when your husband died, two years is some kind of magic number, i don't know why. two years is basically up. i guess it didn't work for me, right. just before my two-year anniversary, i was going to canada, i had been invited to give a keynote talk. i go to the opening reception, i see this guy across the room and i'm like, wow, who's that guy. i have to meet him. and after my talk, i go to the catch cafeteria, a little bit late, and he's like, do you want to have lunch. sure. we sit down for lunch, and i'm thinking to myself, wow, i can't believe i finally get to talk to this guy. i left to go home, and then we skyped. in the very beginning, it was like, i don't know what to do with this because it's far away, and then i'm thinking, you know, this is good for me. can crush on a guy. i can just shut the computer if i don't feel like talking to him, if it gets too personal. in january, he was going to london for work, and he's like, sarah, i'm going a few days early, i hope you'll join me, i

want to invite you. i wasn't sure what to do, of course i'm going to go, i go to london, wow, i don't know, are we boyfriend and girlfriend, i'm not sure. oh, my god, when am i going to get my first kiss. i'm a grown up here, this is ridiculous, right. after dinner he takes me on a walk, because in london it's miserable, and we are in front of buckingham palace, and i got my first kiss, and after that, it felt like the romance of the millennium. >> time is a very funny thing, and particularly the disconnect between human time, geological time, and cosmic time, right. we don't interface very well with those longer time scales. and thinking about the far

future is really difficult. but if we're going to have a long future, we've got to outgrow all of the kind of aggressive tendencies and think about what kind of a place that would be, where people actually valued all life and took care of themselves. one another. ♪

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the hardest place is when you have to watch it. when your kids finally gets on the field and swinging the bat, you got to sit there and be a good parent. >> i am sure you will be a good parent out there.

>> you should come down.

>> it's just magic. >> it's awfully interesting to look at another place and say oh there is signature of life there. it may not be conclusive evidence but it sure gets people very excited. >> do you think there is life people out there? >> yeah, i think there is life out there. can we find them? in my lifetime, i hope so. i want to know, you know?

>> oh, hi sarah, i set up the telescope and i am waiting for it to get dark enough to do the alignment. >> it looks sweet. >> what's up tonight? >> as soon as it gets a little darker, maybe we'll get some galaxy, i don't think jupiter or the planet will get there tonight. >> do you see any stars yet? >> not yet. >> >> there it's. >> hey, it's real pretty. >> it's amazing we can see it with this telescope and how fast. that's so huge, that scale. >> we are tiny, are we? >> maybe there is a planet

around us are there that came back. >> maybe there are two people like us. >> maybe. >> it's wonderful to be able to watch the universe together. >> it really is. ♪

♪ ♪

they drove the finest cars and dressed in beautiful fur. >> and a target. >> people are resentful. television on. >> hbo did a lot of its best work when it's bending a genre, takes something that's familiar an